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320
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE. Vol. XII., 1905.
NOVITATES ZOOLOGICAE
H Journal of ZooloQ"^
IN CONNECTION WITH THE TRING MUSEUM.
EDITED BY
The Hon. WALTER EOTHSCHILD, Ph.D., Dr. ERNST HARTERT, and Db. K. JORDAN.
Vol. XII., 1905.
(WITH FOURTEEN PLATES.)
Issued at the ZoouxiicAL Museum, Thing.
PRINTED PY HAZEI,L, WAT.SON k VINEY, Ln., LONDON AND AYLESBURY.
190.5.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XII. (1905).
MAMMALIA.
PAGES
1. List of the Mammals collected by the Hon. N. 0. Rothschild, the Hon. F. R.
Henley, and Mr. A. F. R. Wollaston in Egypt and the Soudan in January, February, and March, 1904. Harold Schwann .... 1 — 5
2. Notes on Zaglossua and description of a new subspecies of Echidna hystinx.
Walter Rothschild. ......... 305 306
3. Note on the Eland of the White Nile (Plate XII.) Walter Rothschild . 447
4. Note on Macropus rufus Desm., with description of a new subspecies. Walter
Rothschild 508
5. Notes on two Kangaroos from the "Northern Territory of South Australia,"
with description of a new species. Walter Rothschild . . . 509 — 510
AVES.
1. Remarks upon some theories in regard to the Migi-ation of Birds. Rubkin
Butterfield 15 — 20
2. On the Birds of the Azores (Plate III.). Ernst Hartert and W. R. Ogilvie-
Grant 80—128
3. List of Birds collected in North-Western Australia and Arnhem-Land l>y Mr. J.
T. Tunney. Ernst Hartert 192 — 242
4. Further contributions to our knowledge of the OrnLs of the Solomon Islands
(Plate X.). Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert . . . 243—268
5. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mons. A. Robert in the district of Pari,
Brazil. C. E. Hbllmatr 269—305
6. Miscellanea Ornithologica (II). Ernst Hartert 497 — 503
7. Description of two new Birds discovered by O. T. Baron in Northern Peru.
0. E. Hellmayr 503—504
( vi ) REPTILIA AND BAT1L\( IIIA.
PAIiES
1. An nc'count of the Rcptilps and Batraoliians (-(.llooti il by Mv. V. \V. Riggonliacli
in the Atlas of Morocco (Plates 1., II). G. A. I'.oi t.knurr . . . 73 — 77
PISCES.
1. Description of a new Loricariid Fish of the genus Xenocara from Venezuela.
C. Tate Regan 242
2. Another new Barhus from Morocco. G. A. Boulknoer ..... 505
LEPIDOPTERA.
1. New .species of Thyridiihie, Uraniiilae, and Genmetridtic, from the Oriental
Region. Wii.UASi Wabren . (i — 15
2. Ijppidoptera from the Smlnn. Wu.i.iam Warren ami N. C. Rothschild
(Plate lY.) 21—33
3. New species of Geometridae from the Aethiopian Region. William Warren 34 — 40
4. New Thi/rididae, Uraniidae, and Geonwtridae from South and Central America.
William Warren 41 — 72
5. Some undescribed Lepidoptera. Walter Rothschild .... 78 — 79 G. Neue athiopische Rhopalocera des Kgl. Museums fUr Naturkunde in Berlin.
Max Bartel 129 — 152
7. Lepidoptera collected by Oscar Neumann in North-east Africa. Walter
RoTn,scniLD and Karl Jordan .' . 175—191
8. New American Thyrididae, Uraniklae, and Geometridue. William Warrex 307—379
9. New African Thyrididae, Uraniidae, and Geometridae. William Warren 380—409
1 0. New species of Thijrididae, Uraniidm and Geometridae from the Oriental Region.
William Warren 410 433
11. Lepidoptera collected by Jlr. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant on the Azores and Madeira in
1903. William Warren 439_447
12. On some new Lepidoptera discovered by A. S. Meek in Briti.'sh New Guinea.
Karl Jordan 448 — 478
13. Notes on some of the Lycaenidae collected by the late William Doherty on the
Kikuyu Escarpment. G. T. Bethune-Baker 492— 49C
( vii)
PAGES
14. Note on a peculiar secondary sexual character found among Geometridae at the
sensory organ situated at the base of the abdomen. Karl Jordan 506 — 508
15. Notes to Plate V, Karl Jordan . . 511 — 512
SIPHON APTERA.
1. On North Auiuriciin Ceraloji/ii/llus, a genus of Siphonaptera (Plates VI., VIL,
VIII., IX.) N. C. Rothschild 153— 17i
2. Home furtlier notea on Pidej: oanis iind Palex felis. N. C. Rothschild . 192 — 193
3. Some new Siphonaptera (Plates XIII., XIV.) N. C. Rothschild . . 479 — 491
ERRATA.
Page 237, line 15 from bottom, rear! pallida in.stead of yriseacens. ,, 502, the bottom linu shoidd read : three forms.
LIST OF PLATES IN VOLUME XII.
Structure of Siphonaptera. K. Jordan del.
Plate I. Moroccan Reptiles (Ophisav/rus koeUi/ceri and Lacerta ocellata). J. Green del.
II. Moroccan Reptiles {Lacerta ocellata and L. muralis). Photo by J, Green.
III. Scenery on the Azores. Photo by R. OgUvie-Grant.
IV. Lepidoptera from Egypt and Nubia. Colourtype by Hentschel. V. Various Lepidoptera. Colourtype.
VI. ^ VII. VIII.
IX.;
X. Halcyon boiujainvillei. 3 . G. Keulemans del. et lith. XI. Bills imsicornis (Shaw). Colourtype from a drawing by J. Green, made from living specimen of this beautiful snake in the Zoological Gardens, London. XII. Tattrotragus derbyamis subsp. from Bahr el Gazal. Colourtype by C. Fowler from drawing by J. Smit.
XIIL \
vStructure of Siphonaptera. K. Jordan, del. XIV. J
TlU
NoYiTATES Zoological.
Vol. XII. JANUARY, 1905. No. 1.
A LIST OF THE MAMMALS COLLECTED BY THE HON. N. C. ROTHSCHILD, THE HON. F. R. HENLEY, AND MR. A. F. R. WOLLASTON IN EGYPT AND THE SOUDAN IN JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH 1901
By HAROLD SCHWANN.
Q1EVERAL of the species meutioned in this list— notably Acomi/s w/t/ierb>/i, ^ Gfi-billus pi/gargiis, Dipoflillus watersi, Lepiis imhelUnug, and Ilystiix cumeri — have not been taken hitherto in so northern a locality, and their range must accordingly be extended.
A few notes snjjplied by Mr. Rothschild on some of the less-known localities, where specimens were obtained, will be a great assistance in properly understanding their geographical relationships.
Nakheila, where the battle of the Atbara was fought, is about fifty miles up the Atbara River, on the north bank.
Merowe and Kerma are both in the Dougola Province. The former is at the commencement of the fourtli cataract, while the latter is the terminus of the railway from Wady Haifa to the Uongola Province.
Shereik is a railway station at the littk-known Abu Haschim cataract, some fifty miles south of Abu Hammed.
1. Hipposiderus tridens Geoff. tJ 2 ; ¥ 1. Abou Simbel.
(? 73. Nakheila. $ 3. Shereik.
~. Scotophilus schliefferri Peters.
3. Pipistrellus kuhlii Natt. 4. Taphozous perforatus Geofi'.
$ 118, 119, 124, 125, 129 ; ? 126, 127, 128. Kerma.
This species was extremely common at Kerma, hiding by day iu the dome of an old tomb.
5. Rhinopoma cystops Thos.
? 155, 150. Merowe. Six specimens in s[iirit,
(-0
6. Erinaceus aethiopicus Ehrenb. cJ 74. Nakheila.
T. Erinaceus auritus (im. 6 184. Natrou Yalley.*
8. Felis ocreata Gra.
? 38. Nakheila.
<? 172. Merowe.
Should further material show that the cats from this region differ from those of Northern Abyssiuia, they would have to bear the name of manictdata given by Temminck to a specimen from Ambukol in 1834. t
'•I. Genetta dongolana Ilempr. & Ehrenb. S 85. Kerma.
111. Herpestes albicauda Uuv.
(? 11 ; ? 12. Sheroik.
? 13.5, 144. Merowe.
S 9G. Kerma.
These specimens show very well the variable character of the colonr of thn tail in this species, which is as often black as white.
This fact, even now not generally known, was pointed out by Mr. Oldfield Thomas as long ago as 1882. J
, 11. Vulpes vulpes aegyptiaca Sonn.
i 9.5, 99, luo, 107, 110 ; ? 98, lo8, 109. Kerma.
? 149. Merowe.
The only adult specimen. No. 149, is rather paler than the foxes obtained at Shendi by Mr. Rothschild on a previous trip, but is probably nothing more than a slight variation from the usual form. Should the Dongolan fo.x prove different to the form found in Lower Egypt, it will have to bear the name of C. sabbar given by Hemprich & Ehrenburg. §
12. Tatera robustus <.'ret/.schm. (J 28, 29, 33, 08 ; ? 32, 39, 69, 70. Nakheila.
13. Gerbillus gerbillus Oliv. cJ 81, 91. Kerma. ? 141. Merowe.
* The N.atron Valley specimen.s were collected by an Arab tiapper, and therefore Ihc e.rai-t locality \n the Natron Valley where they were secured cannot be stated, I Temni., Man, Mamin. p. 128. i P.ZK 1W2, p. 77. § Hempr. & Ehrenb., Si/mb. /'/(//.«., Mamm. Dec. ii. 1832.
(3)
14. Gerbillus pygargus ('uv.
(? 83, 89, 90, 97, 116, 130 ; ? 84, 86, 87, 115. Kerma.
c? 16; ? 13, 14, 15. Shereik.
(^ 143, 159; ¥ 160. Merowe.
(^ 27 ; ? 64. Nakheila.
The occurrence of this species at Kerma (Uongola Proviuce) would warrant its being regarded as an Egyptian mammal proper, according to the lines of Anderson's Mammals of Egypt.
15. Gerbillus tarabuli Thos. c? 181, 182, 183. Natron Valley.
16. Meriones schousboei Loche.
¥ 40, 41, 44. Nakheila.
? 4. Shereik.
? 122. Kerma.
When several series from different localities on the north coast of Africa have been obtained it will probably be possible to split this difficult species into its local races, but at present the available material is insufficient.
It is worthy of notice that this species has not been found in Egypt previous to this expedition.
17. Meriones sp.
3 175, 185. Natron Valley.
These specimens appear to be the young of the species determined by Mr. de Winton * as M. crassus selli/sii Pomel.
18. Dipodillus watersi de Wint.
(? 137, 142, 148, 150, 152, 154, 157, 158, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170. ? 13i 138, 145, 147, 151, 153, 161, 162, 165, 167, 171. Merowe.
c? 104 ; ? 103, 105. Kerma.
? 7. Shereik.
The occurrence of this species in the Dongola Province would, according to Anderson's Mammals of Eyi/pt, warrant its being regarded as a true Egyptian mammal.
19. Pachyuromys duprasi natronensis de Wint. S 176, 178 ; ? 77. Natron Valley, t
* Nor. Znnl. vol. X. August 190.S, p. 281. t Nov. Zool. 1903, p. 285.
(4) 20. Mus muscuhis gentilis Brants.
<? Ill ; ? II--', 11:5, 114. Kerma. <J 173. Assonan. (J 146. Merowe.
21. Acomys witherbyi dc AVint.
<S 25, 47, 72, 80 ; ? 26, Tl. Nakhcila.
<? 123; ¥ 101. Kerma.
c? 17. Shereik.
? 132, 140. Merowe.
At first sight these specimens appear to fall into two distinct gronjis, the one fawn and the other slate-coloured ; but a comjiarison with the British Mnseum's series of skins makes it evident that they must for the jjresent be considered as one species, owing to the amount of intergrading that takes phice.
As the fawn appears to be the more dominant colour, and the}' are all topotypes of de Winton's icitherhi/i,* it seems best to refer the slaty specimens also to this species until sufficient material is obtained to settle the question of the value of colour as a character in the genus Acomj/s.
The relationships of Acomys witherbi/i, hunteri and (/im/d/atus are, according to Mr. W. E. de Winton.f as follows : — •
A. tvitherbi/i is the smallest of the three, and less brightly coloured than A. hunteri. Tlie latter is of a red fawn-colour above, with the underjiarts pnre white, and is distinguished from A. dimidiatus by its shorter ears and hind feet.
22. Arvicanthis testicularis Sund.
c? 31, 34 ; ? 35, 52. Nakheila. cT 10; ? 5,6, 8,0. Shereik. S 136. Merowe. ? 120. Kerma.
23. Jaculus jaculus Linn.
5 82, 121 ; ? 88. Kerma.
6 179, 180. Natron Valley.
24. Hystrix cuvieri Gray.
? 36 ; 0, skull only. Nakheila.
Owing to the difl'erence in size between the skulls of the South European porcupines and those of the jiresent collection from Upper Egypt it seems advisable to adopt Gray's name oi cuvieri, as suggested by Mr. de Winton.t
Sknll No. 36 is considerably larger than No. 0, and bears some resemblance to Jl. ijali'uta Thos. ; but until more material is obtained, the (juestion of whether tlie two species occur together must be left undecided.
* Nm. Zool. vol. viii. December lOUl, p. 400. t .V(ir. Zovl. vol. viii. pp. -400 — 101.; J /tmlogtj of Kijy2>f, p. 313.
(^ )
It may be noticed that porcnpiues have not been rcconled until now from a locality as far north as Nakheila.
25. Lepus isabellinus Cretzsclim.
(? 43, 45, 48, 49, 54, 61, 06, 77 ; f 50, 51, 57, 58, 07, 08, 78, 79. Nakheila. 19, 93, 134; ? 117, 131. Korraa.
c? 132; ? 20,92.
I cannot see that the hares cnnmerated above differ sufficiently from the description given by Cretzschmar to necessitate pas.siug over the earlier name iu favour of aethiopicus*
The range of Lepus isaln'llinns is now known to extend at least from Shendi to Kerma (that is, in the Sondan), where it is apparently the only species ; bnt whether it ranges as far south as Khartoum, or is found as far north as Wadi Haifa, is at present unknown.
20. Oryctolagus sp. 6 174. Fayoura.
27. Gazella Isabella Gray.
cj 24. Head, skin and skull, 00 ; skull only, 21. Nakheila. ¥ 22, 23 ; 42 juv. (?, 18 juv. Shereik.
28. Gazella soemmerringii soemmerringii C'retzschm. ? 30. Head, skin, and skull, iMjd. Nakheila.
29. Equus asinus africanus Fitzinger.
(J 37, 59, 00. Nakheila.
This wild ass has already been dealt with by Mr. Lydekker in the Xovitates Zooloylcac, vol. xi. p. 593 (1!mi4).
' Zonhiijij of ICijijpf, p. 321.
C')
NEW SPECIES OF THYBTIUBAE, VBANIIDAE, AND GEOJIETEIDAE, FROM THE ORIENTAL REGION.
By \V. warren, M.A., F.E.S. Family TIIVnTDIDA?:.
1. Canaea hyaena spec. nov.
Foirwing : grey on an ochreons ground, covered with short striae of darker grey between the veins and crossed by several obscnrely marked dark grey lines ; the ochreons gronnd-colonr appears only along the costal edge, which is marked with dark grey dots and beyond middle with three dark streaks, and along hind- margiu at base of fringe, which is otherwise dark grey; a small ronnd hyaline spot below the lower end of cell between veins 2 and 'i ; sometimes the central area is clonded with grey ; traces of large pale spots between veins before the margin.
Ilindwinii : similar, but paler ; the cross markings more distinct, and rufous- tinged; a tine ferruginous line along hind margin; inner margin pale ochreons; fringe of inner margin and a row of hairs along vein 1 pale ocbreous.
Underside speckled with brown ; forewing with three brown jiatches, two postmodian, below costa and above inner margin, the third below apex.
Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs dark grey ; abdomen beneath ochreons.
Expanse of wings : 28 — 30 mm.
3 (?(?, 4 ? ¥ from Gnizo Island, Solomons, November 1D03 (Meek).
2. Canaea venustnla spec. nov.
Forciving : grey, covered with rough trans\-erse darker grey reticulations, and crossed by five or six irregular darker bands, which on inner margin become reddish ; the antemedian, median, and postmedian are vertical ; two towards apex are less distinct, shorter, and more or less broken up : the base and costa are grev- brown ; the costal edge white, with nnmerons dark dots ; from apex to middle a ri>w of red nuirginiil sjiots between veins ; fringe dark grey, the tips below the middle white.
Uindwing : with tlie bands red, the marginal line continuous, red; fringe dark grey, white-tipjied throughout, and varied in places with red scales.
Underside paler, with all the markings much clearer ; apex of forewing tinged with red.
Head and thorax grey-brown like the wings ; abdomen red, with nnnl tuft ochreons yellow; abdomen beneath and legs pale, tliickly sj)eckled with grey-brown.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
1 i from Ujiper Area River, British New Guinea, January 1903 (Meek).
3. Hypolamprus subumbrata sjiec. nov.
l-'orcwiiiij : j)ale flesh-coloured ochreons, crossed by jiale brown wavy lines, with faint strigao between them ; the lines roughly in pairs and after the first pair 1 econiiiig obli(|ne inward parallel to hindmargin ; the third pair above the middle
( • )
divpi-giii? fmiDel-sliiipwl to the costa iit. oiie-lialf and tliree-fonrtlis ; the foiivtli pair, which is snbmarginal ami wider below, is preceded aud followed by jialer bands containiug a row of faint striae down their centre; the costa is diffnsely whitish grey.
Ilindwing : similar, but the basal lines clouded.
Underside duller, more grey ; costal half of forewing to two-thirds shaded with dull brown.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face and palpi dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 36 mm.
1 ? from Maymyo, Shan States, June— August 1902 (Hauswell).
Veins 8, 9 of forewing are stalked, and I have provisionally, therefore, placed the species in lli/polamprus, though it appears somewhat out of place.
4. Striglina floccosa spec. nov.
Fori'iring : dull brick-red, tinged along the costa with olive-fuscous, and with the transverse streaks and reticulations of the same colour ; these form many indistinct curved lines parallel to hindmargin, those beyond middle bluntly angled on vein 4, that in tlie middle of wing slightly tliicker and more conspicuous, containing an obscure dark cell-mark ; fringe brick-red, with the tips somewhat darker.
Jlinthving : very similar; along inner margin the fringe and a bed of hairs to vein 1 flnify pink.
Underside with basal half of wings pink, outer half fulvous ; on the disco- cellular of forewing a large spot of blackish and grey scales ; the inner margin pink without striae; hindwing with base and inner half of wing covered with fluffy pink hairs.
Head and shoulders red-brown; thorax and abdomen redder; legs fulvous red, the tarsi brown : forelegs with tibiae and tarsi dark brown, the latter ringed with white, the former with a large flake of snow-white.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 (J from Upper Aroa River, British New Guinea, April 101)3 (Meek).
This species is nearest superior Butler, which is, however, dull ochreous in colour, and has a distinct pencil of hairs on the hindwing on vein 1.
•5. Striglina scintillans spec. nov.
Forciriiiij : bright vermilion red, much brighter than in S. reversa Warr., which otherwise it greatly resembles ; costa narrowly brown, in rrcersa the costal area as far as subcostal vein is dark ; lines and reticulations much as in rnrrsa, but much fainter ; between the veins series of small round yellow spots alternate with the red; in rerersa the whole wing is red ; spots of the marginal line and the transverse reticulations of the snbmarginal and postmedian series studded with bright metallic scales.
flindiviiig : the same; fringe of inner margin }'ellow, not reddisli.
Underside red, not pinkish-ochreous, as in ro-ersa.
Head, thorax, and abdomen vermilion ; abdomen benoatli and legs ycllow- ochreous; forelegs in front, and middle legs externally, pectus, and palpi vermilion.
Expanse of wings : cJ 34—20 mm.; ?, 30 mm,
(8)
4 t?c?, 1 ? from Upper Aroii River, British New Guinea, Feliriiary — April 1903 (Meek).
Taken along with 6 SS aiul 7 ? ? of 6'. reeeisa, not one of which bears the slightest trace of metallic scaling. In both sexes this species is smaller than recetsa.
Family U RAJS' II DAE.
Subfamily EPIFLEMINAE.
6. Decetia uniformis spec nov.
Foreirinq : drab, densely dnsted with leaden-grey speckling ; a dark disco- cellnlar sjiot : in some cases a very faint rnst-colonred obliqne line can be seen, placed as in dichromata, and the course of the subraarginal spots is traced in the same colour ; fringe dark rust-colonr.
Ilindwiyig : the same.
Underside equally uniform.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.
Expanse of wings : 48 — 52 mm.
2 (?(?, 3 ? 9 from Treasury Island, Solomons, August 1901 (Meek).
Decetia dichromata Wlk. in all its localities is subject to great general variation, and the sexes in particular differ from each other ; in the present species the sexes are exactly alike, and there is not the slightest trace of variation in any of the five examples. I must therefore, for the present, consider them to form a separate species.
7. Epiplema triangulifera spec. nov.
Forewing : fawn-colour, finely speckled with grey ; the lines dark brown, all three more or less vertical and parallel ; the first obscure at one-third, not marked above subcostal vein ; second at two-thirds, thick ; third submarginal, not reaching costa ; cell-sj)ot brown, linear ; fringe concolorous, mottled with dark beyond veins.
Ilindwiiig : with outer line bluntly angled at middle, edged externally by a pale line ; a brown line along median vein from base, forming with the brown discal line a distinct brown triangle in midwing ; a dark brown cloud along liindaiargin from ujipcr tooth to below lower tooth, before which it is crossed by a pale line.
Underside of forewing dull brown, of hindwing ochreous speckled with brown ; the outer line brown and distinct in both wings.
Face and palpi black ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
2 Sd from Guizo Island, Solomons, November 1903 (Meek). I have seen a <? also from Guadalcanar, Solomons.
Forewing with hindmargin merely indented between veins 0 and 3 ; hindwing with short teeth at veins 4 and 7.
8. Monobolodes schistacea spec. nov.
Forewng : deej) slate-colonr ; the lines black, placed exactly as in ilA vigres- cens Warr. from Fergnsson Island, but without any yellow scaling; the outer line
somewhat iubent in mirlJle towards the angle of inner line, which is onl}' distinct towards inner margin ; the black line at liase of fringe swollen towards apex.
Ilindicirig : with the black line central and continnous ; the abdominal fold blnish white, the pencil of hairs, when expanded, cream-colonred.
Underside paler slate-colonr, especially in the tS, where the hindwing becomes blnish white towards anal angle.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all dark slate ; anal tnft in c? white.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
4 c?c?, 4 ¥ ? from Gnizo Island, Solomons, November 1903 (Meek) ; and 1 c? from Treasur}' Island, Angnst 1001 (Meek).
Family GEOMETRIDAE. Subfamily OENOCHROMINAE.
0. Arhodia retractaria ab. carnea nov.
Differs from the type form of retractaria Wlk. in being withont markings of any kind on the upperside, except a slight dark cell-spot; the hindwing is deep rosy, with the fringe of hind and inner margin white ; the forewiug shows an admixture of Intcons ; fringe of forewing dark ferruginous.
Underside paler, especially towards base ; forewing with an oblique curved purple blotch from vein 2 to 0, bounded by an indistinct brownish outer line from costa before apex ; discocelhilar and veins 3, 4, 5, all marked with purple ; si)ace between them pale pink, paler than rest of wing; hindwing with indistinct outer line in costal half of wing.
Head, thorax, and legs ])ale flesh-colour ; abdomen whitish, tinged on dorsnm with flesh-colonr.
Expanse of wings : 00 mm.
1 ? , Toowoomba, Brisbane district, Queensland.
In forewing the hindmargin is slightly concave beneath the apex and bluntly elbowed at vein 5, thence oblique and straight ; hindwing with margin and both angles rounded.
lo. Sarcinodes subfulvida ab. olivata nev.
I described suhfulcida from Kiriwini, Trobriand Islands {Noo. Zool. iii. p. 280) (1S90), from 3 cJc?, and since then have met with examples from Ron Island, St. Aiguan, and New Guinea. In nearly all these, both JcJ and ?¥, the prevailing tint, as in the type, has been red ; but m 2 ii from the Upper Aroa River, British New Guinea, the colouring was much darker and the red tinge almost absent. I have lately seen a ? from the same locality, corresponding to these 33, which, as suggesting at least a very distinct local race, I describe as ab. olimfa.
Forewing : dark olive, suftused with fuscous, and overlaid from base to outer line by dark slaty grey and white scales, these latter prevailing along inner margin and at costa before the outer line ; the inner and median lines are distinct but ditfuse; the outer line is double, both arms being dark olive, marked with clear white spots on the veins and towards inner margin filled in with white ; the waved submarginal line has the lunules marked with whitish and black scales ; and the fringe is dark olive.
fliii'liriiig : witli the double line filled in with white throughout, closely
r 1" )
preceded liy a larcre roniid wliite cell-sput ; the rest as in forewintr, but t1ie dark fringe is preceded by white scales, and the inner margin and fringe are whitish.
The underside is pinkish brown with all the markings indicated by darker shades ; the costa of forewing is marked with white scales and a white blotch before apex ; all the lines are marked by tine pale dashes on veins, and the white cell-spot of hindwings is j.lain, with another white spot below it.
Shoulders, vertex, and upper half of face brownish olive ; lower part of face and palpi dark grey ; thorax and abdomen grey and olive mixed ; base of palpi beneath and pectus fnlvons-tinged ; legs blackish spotted witii white.
Expanse of wings : (50 mm.
Upper Aroa River, British New Guinea (A. S. Meek).
A largo pale discal spot occurs also in S. vulfuaria Gnon. from Borneo, but on the underside of hindwing only ; and a similar spot on the upper side of forewing is mentioned in the description of S. peruhui-ia Swinhoe ; both these examples being, like the present one, ? ? .
Subfamily GEOMETRINAE. 11. Tlialassodes subviridis sjuc. nov.
Foiririnq : bright jialo green, with a few faint ]inli' transverse striae, most distinct in the marginal area; costa crcam-culour ; u fine obliijuc whitish inner line only visible below median vein ; a nearly vertical straight outer line from below costa just beyond middle ; fringe yellow.
Hindwing : with outer line only, distinct from costa to vein 8, where it is angled and becomes fainter.
Underside mealy jiale green ; the costa of forewing ochreous.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all green ; vertex snow-white ; basal half of antennal shaft white, apical lialf green, the pectinations grey-green ; alidomen with a i)ale dorsal line.
Expanse of wings : 27 mm.
1 (? from Christmas Island (Andrews).
Nearest to TL ilorsiliiira AVarr. from New Guinea, but sniiiUer and much greener on the underside ; the antennae are heavily jjcctinated, and quite three- fourths of the length of forewing ; hindmargin of hindwing bluntly bent at middle.
Subfamily STERRHINAE. 12. Mesotrophe ?subrabrata spec. nov.
/•Vc?CT^^ ; -fawn-colour, densely spiinkled with dull red, partially confluent, dots and striae ; costa brown-black at base, jialing towards apex : lines of the same colour, but obscure; first from one-fifth of costa to oue-fourtli of inner margin, waved iind interrnjited : outer from nearly three-fourths of costa to tliree-fourths of inner margin, liuuihite-dentatc, outcurved in middle ; a vertical thick waved olive- brown median shade ; cell-spot minute, white with a dark ring ; submarginal line oliscure, but jireceded and followed by black Innular clouds below costa and above inner margin : marginal lunules blackish : fringe concolorous.
UiiiJwinq : with inner line marked by a black blotch at one-fourth of inner margin; cell-spot minute, white; the rest as in forewing, but the black clouds iu
( 11 )
snbmarginal field confined to anal region oulj-, forming there a large snbquadrate patch.
Underside nniform dnll rosy.
Palpi ochreons below, liright ]>iniv above; face deep red ; fillet and antennae ochreous ; vertex and base of shoulders bhick-lirowu ; thorax and base of abdomen like wings ; anal segments of abdomen and the underside paler, more ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
1 ? from Gnizo Island, Solomons, November 1903 (Meek).
Probably a Mesotrojthe.
SuBFAMiiA' IIYDRIOMENINAE. 13. Gonanticlea deleta spec. nov.
Exactly like Gonanticlea sublustris Warr., except that the central fascia is merely denoted by the pale limiting lines marked by black specks on the veins, the broad black bands oi sublusti-is being restricted to the costal area as for as vein 6 ; the whole wing is thus reddish grey-brown, with a slight leaden purple tint beyond outer line. If this had been the only difference, however, I should have considered it merely an aberrational form ; but the forewings of the 3 on the underside are without the pilose scaling by which sMuiftris is characterised.
Expanse of wings : S 39 mm. ; ? 3.5 mm.
1 cJ, 1 ¥ from Upper Aroa River, British New Guinea, March 1903 (Meek) taken along with a typical S examjile of siibl/istr/s.
From the black costal markings the insect superficially assumes the likeness of a large Li/r/i-anon.
Subfamily TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 14. Neoscelis cristata.
Gipnunsivlix rrislaki Warr., Nm: Zoo!, iii. p. 229 ? (18',Mi).
Neoscflis rii-uki Hmpsn,, Jnuvii. Bombay N. IT. Six. xiv. p. G.39. no. 3748b. ? fig. (1902).
The description of JV. rivida Hmpsn. and the figure apply perfectly to G. crisfdta Warr. sunk on p. 640 l)y Hampson to G. (h'Uta. The insect also occurs at Penang, in the Andamaiis (coll. Swirih.), and in New Guinea; but all the examples are ? ?. On examination of the New Guinea examples I find that 7, 11, 10, S, 9 of forewings are stalked together as in Neoscelis Hmpsn. and Adefa Warr., which latter will probably have to fall to Neoscelis. But at present there are considerable differences between the genera. In Adeta semifascia AVarr. and in the New Guinea examples of cristata the hiudtilnae have a single long middle spur, and the antennae of the ? are simple, not ciliated ; vein 0 rises from the centre of the discocellular, and 6 from tlie depressed upper end of the cell ; further, in semi- fascia, the type oi Adcfa, vein 11 does not anastomose with 12, as is the case in cristata.
Subfamily TRIOHOPTERYGINAE.
15. Anthierax subfulva spec. nov.
Agrees in most points with the dcscri})tiou of A. malaca Meyr. {Remodel) from
New Guinea, but the palpi are externally coal-black, not green ; the outer lobe of the
liiiulwing of t? is blunt, and lielow, the tuft in the fringe between tlie outer lobe
( 12)
and the next is dnll fnlvons. In the forewing the darljoi- green transverse lines are all tinged with blackish along the snbmedian interval, the cell and.sjjace beyond it between veins 4 and 6, and also between veins 0 and 7 ; the cell-spot is black, not green as in malaca. The al)domen is greenish cinorons. It agrees with malaca in having white spots behind the eyes and a black lateral mark on the shonlders.
Expanse of wings : 30 — 4ii mm.
2 66 from Guizo Island, Solomons, Xovcmber 1903 (Meek).
](j. Anthierax subnigrata spec. nov.
Fon'uiiig : green, with darker green waved transverse lines, which beyond middle are regularly dentate-lnnnlate, mnch more regular than in A. suhfidra ; of the fonr basal lines the second is slightly pnrplish-tiuged ; the fonr lines forminj; the central fascia, one before the groeu cell-spot and three beyond, are all purplisli- tinged, and so is the submarginal line and the teeth of the line preceding it, as well as the marginal spots ; the marginal space is slate-colour, quite bluish in the middle, and the fringes slate-colour, with white spots beyond the veins.
Ilindwinfi : purplish grey with long grey hairs from the base of wing ; the fringe of inner margin long and glossy black, of outer margin ochreons and shorter.
Underside of forewing greenish cinereous ; of hindwing puri)lish black.
Head, j>alpi, and thorax green ; abdomen cinereous olive : white spots behind the eyes, but no black marks on shoulders.
Underside of abdomen on basal half and inside of the tuft of hair on liindtibiae blackish.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
1 6 from Guizo Island, Solomons, November 1903 (Meek).
Quite distinct from the preceding species Knh/idm.
1 T. Sauris angusta spec. nov.
Forewing : whitish green, with dark green cross-lines ; the centre of the wing is crossed by a wide sinnons band of pale green containing the green cell-spot; between this and the base are six waved outwardly obli([ue green lines, of which the second is tinged with purplish ; beyond it are four lunnlate-dentate green lines, of which the innermost (not, as usual, the outermost) is purjilish-tinged ; the sulmiarginal line is slightly ])urj)lish, as are the marginal spots ; fringe worn.
IIii>ihri)u] : pale grey, greenish-tinged, a little darker towards margins.
Underside of forewing greenisli grey, of hindwing brownisli fulvous, the scales thick and coarse.
Head, palpi, thorax, aud abdomen green, the last paler and greyer. Antennae glossy, purplish, fulvous beneath ; the upper surface sinuate, as in Ilelmintlioceras.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
1 6 from Guizo Island, Solomons, November li)U3 (Meek).
The hindwing is very narrow, the costa and inner margin only slightly diverging ; the hindraargin is slightly prominent at one-third from apex and one-third from anal angle . there are only four veins ; the costal and subcostal separate at onc-tliird from base, the costal running to apex aud the subcostal to the upper prominence; vein i") is absent : the median rnns into the lower ])rojection and vein 3, which rises
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near base, into the anal angle ; no discocellular is visible ; the lobe at base of inner margia is siiberect, aucl about one-fourth of the length of the margin. In the shape and thick scaling of the hindwing the insect approaches Di/sti/poptila trkuujularis AVarr. from Sumatra.
Subfamily DEILINIINAE.
18. Peratophyga bifasciata spec, no v.
Forcwitn/ : pale yellow ; the markings dark brown ; a curved fascia just before middle and a broad marginal border, connected hj a brown streak from base along vein 1, below which on the inner margiu the yellow of the ground-cohmr reapjiears as broken patches ; costa at base also brown ; the inner edge of the dark border projects shortly inwards on median vein, and the yellow space before it is traversed by a row of brown vein-dots ; snbmarginal line indicated by sliglit yellow marks on the veins along the centre of the dark border, with a yellow spot at apex ; marginal yellow spots at end of veins ; fringe brownish.
Hindicing : like forewing.
Underside the same, but the yellow paler and clearer, without any sjKits.
Head, thorax, and abdomen brown; second segment and anal tuft yellow; abdomen beneath and legs yellowish.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
1 S from Cheng Mai, Hainan, August 1902.
Subfamily ABRAXINAE.
19. Abraxas parvipunctata spec. nov.
Forewiny : cream-white ; the base of wing on costa j'ellow ; costal area with nnmerons small round grey spots, irregularly disposed and in places confluent ; a few scattered ones in cell, and a larger one on discocellular; at two-thirds of costa a small oblique grey blotch followed by a small spot on vein 6 ; two snbmarginal series of spots parallel to hindmargin, the inner small and placed on the veins, the outer larger between them, coalescing laterally above middle with a marginal row, below it interrupted.
lliiifhciiuj : with the three outer series of spots only, all separate,
Underside similar, but all the spots larger and better defined.
Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, the last with dark spots ; pal^ii and legs externally dark fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 50 mm.
1 ¥ from Dili, N.E. Sumatra.
In apjiearance nearest to A. (injiiuilis Butler.
Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE.
Loxotephria gen. nov. Vorewiiuj: costa faintly curved; hindmargin obliquely curved. llindu'iiig : with hindmargin only slightly curved ; apes rounded ; anal angle blunt.
Antennae simple in both sexes, with very short pubescence in c? : forehead
( li )
with projecting peak of scales ; palpi porrect, well-scaled, the segments indistinct ; tongne and frennjnm present ; hiudtiliiae with fonr spnrs ; snbmediau vein of forewing of c? swollen at base into a small fovea.
Xeiirafion : forewing, cell nearly half the length of wing ; discocellnlar vertical, but strongly ol)li(ine below; first median nervnle at four-tifths, second just before third; radials normal, 5 slightly above centre; 7, 8, 9 stalked; 10 anastomosing at a point with 11, wliich rises from 12: hindwing, 7 and 'i well before angles of cell.
Type : l.oxoti'j/ltria olivacea spec. nov.
Tephrina ! converyeits AN'arr., from West China, described from a ? only (J\oi\ Zool. vi. p. 61, 1899), should be placed in this genus.
2(1. Loxotephria olivacea spec. nov.
In markings resembling convergens Warr., but the ground-colour of the wings is olive-yellowish, sometimes (piite green along cell and below costa of forewing ; costa with short pui-plish striae ; first line red or red-brown, the angle in cell touching the red cell-mark ; outer line red-brown, externally edged with lustrous pearly scales ; submarginal line olive-green ; the marginal space beyond it darker, and covered with lustrous violet ; fringe brown, with red-brown basal and middle lines.
llindwiiiq : without the basal line ; the other two straight and jjarallel.
Underside deep bright yellow ; striae and lines purple-red ; the marginal cloud jjurplish-violet, and stronger in the S than in the ?.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; face brown.
Expanse of wings : S, 28 mm. ; ? , 30 mm.
Several examples from Manchyo and Secha, Hainan, May and June 1902.
L. converf/ens from West China is darker, browner, and has a brown subcostal streak through the angles of the lines of forewing.
Subfamily ASCOTINAE. 21. Amblychia schistacea spec. nov.
Forewing : dark slate-colour ; the lines and interval between outer and submarginal lines deeper ; inner line curved, j)rojpcting strongly above median, and less prominently below, edged inwardly by ])aler slate-colour and whitish. There are also some whitish flakes on costa and in cell between the inner and median lines ; interval between median and outer lines from costa to vein 3 occnpied by a cream-white blotch speckled with slate-colour, followed below 3 by a large white blotch filling up the lunule of median line ; the lunule below it white-edged ; cell-spot black, nearly touching the inner edge of the white blotch ; fringe brown-slate.
lUmhriiKj : similar, with only a few whitish flakes beyond antemedian line, those in cell most conspicuous, and a white lunule between veins 7 and 8.
Underside with basal area of both wings ])ale greyish slate, varied with dull ochrcous and speckled with darker ; outer area of both wings slaty fuscous, the white markings well expressed in forewing, obscurely in hindwing.
Head and shoulders dark slaty fuscous ; ])atagia, thorax, and abdomen pale dirty ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 104 mm.
1 cJ from Batchiun (Waterstradt).
( 15 ) 22. Catoria lucidata spec. uov.
Foremng : white, with olive-green speckling only ; the lines, donMe, dark olive-green, placed mnch as in delectaria Wlk., but the outer line conspicnously angled on vein 6, not rounded ; lunules of the shade preceding submarginal line marked with blackish beyond cell and between veins 7 and S, and 2 and 3 ; marginal lunules and cell-spot black ; fringe white.
Hindwing : like forewing ; cell-spot a black point, not an ocellus.
Underside greenish brown clouded with velvety black before the white spaces of the hindmargin, which are bright white, not cloudy as in delectaria ; cell-spot of forewing velvety black, large and round ; of hindwing only a black point.
Head and thorax pale greenish ; abdomen wliite, the basal segments edged with brownish scales : antennal pectinations rufous ; in delectaria they are fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
1 6 from Guizo Island, Solomons, November 1903 (Meek).
REMARKS UPON SOME THEORIES IN REGARD TO THE MIGRATION OF BIRDS.
BY \V. EUSKIN BUTTERFIELD.
I SUPPOSE most persons who are acnuaiated with the literature of bird- migration must feel that few of the theories with which the subject is burdened compel assent. In the present paper I venture to put together under the various headings such suggestions as appear to me to be of moment.
INCENTIVES TO MIGRATION.
The awakening of the impulse of migration in spring and autumn is often confused with the proximate cause or causes of the sajjarate journeys by which the whole migration in each direction is accomplished. The inherent stimulus is doubtless felt in many, and perhaps in most, birds before the northward or southward movement is embarked upon. The immediate incentive to migration need not be the same for all species of migrants, nor indeed for all the individuals of the same species ; moreover, the incentive to spring migration need not be the same as the incentive to autumn migration. From the confusion mentioned above, some writers have sought uniform causes competent to account for each of the two great movements in all species. The incentives to these movements may result, as I shall hope to show, from a variety of causes acting alone or in concert, and in seeking them we need not concern ourselves with the original cause of migration.
Taking the autumn migration first,* scarcity of food is thought by many authors to afford a sufficient explanation of the desertion of the summer quarters by most species, although it is allowed that this cannot be the sole cause, since it not infrequently happens — as in the case of our Song Thrush — that a breeding
* For convenience, the series of journeys constituting each of the two great seasonal luovemt-'nts requires to be denoted by a separate term,
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area which is wholly or partly deserted by the native birds is inhabited later ou by an invasion of individuals of the same species from a more northerly area.
•' The mode in which the want of sustenance produces migration," writes Professor Newton, •' may best be illustrated by confining ourselves to some of the unquestionably migrant birds of our own northern hemisphere. As food grows scarce toward the end of summer in the most northern limits of the range of a species, the individuals afl'ected thereby seek it elsewhere ; in this way they jiress upon the haunt of other individuals : these in like manner upon that of yet others, and thus
' The waves behind impel the waves before,'
until the movement which began in the far north is communicated to (he individuals occupying the extreme southern range of the species at that season ; though, but for such an intrusion, these last might be content to stay some time longer in the enjoyment of their existing quarters " (Bictionari/ of Birds, p. 555).
While admitting that want of sustenance may prompt the autumn migration in some cases, it may lie doubted whether it is so important a factor as is commonly supposed. It is obviously of advantage to birds to perform the journey while yet the food supply is fairly ample, and before their physical powers become imjiaired with fasting. If we suppose that, in a species of migrant, a certain number of individuals delay the movement until hunger compels their departure, clearly a larger proportion of such individuals will succumb to the hardships of the journey than of other individuals that left the breeding-quarters a short time previously.
There appears to be some evidence that completion of the moult, or, at any rate, passage through the critical stage of moulting,* and also (in adults) decline of the stimulus of reproduction, are factors ; the precise period of departure being, perhaps, largely determined by a marked fall in temperature.
The early departure of adult Cuckoos {Cuculus canoruis) is often cited as a s])ecial dilKculty. In this species the cares of family life are foisted upon others ; when, therefore, functional activity of the rejiroductivc apparatus diminishes, this circumstance alone may be sufficient to incite the birds to retreat.
Turning now to the reverse journey, the very striking instances on record of the selfsame spot being selected for nesting purposes year after year by the same species have been claimed as an indication that birds make the return journey from a desire to reoccupy old quarters. These facts may, however, be interpreted in a different manner — namely, as a proof of the eligibility of the particular locality as a breeding area, and of the particular spot as a nesting site. "When a jiarticular spot has afforded to a pair of birds a secure and convenient situation for the home, it is likely enough that one or both of them will prefer to return to it again the following year from its known suitability ; and we need uot attribute to birds a greater partiality for their old haunts than this. Several circumstances may render it impossibh^ fur more than one (and sometimes for either) of the original pair to reoccupy the same place, such as, for instance, the alliance of one of them with a different mate, or death. Of the individuals that return in spring most will do so for the first time, and their knowledge of the exact locality of their birth can hardly be supposed to be very precise, since they left it at an early age.
• Ct. Dr. Jonathan Dwight, jun., " The Sequenco of Plumages aud Moults o£ the Passerine Birds of New York " (Jn?w?» -V. Y. AcmI, tici. xiii. p. 120).
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Dr. J. A. Allen supposes that " the spring movement is incited by the periodic activity of the reprodnctive organs, resnlting in the necessity for the retnrn of the sjiecies to the pecnliar conditions and surronudings to which for long ages it has been undergoing special adaptation — in other words, to its home." * On the other hand, Professor W. W. Cooke and Mr. W. Eagle Clarke have demonstrated the imjwrtance of temperature as a factor, the latter even asserting, in regard to the spring emigratory movements from the Continent of Europe to the British Islands, that " it has invariably been found that all such movements, except those performed late in the season, are to be correlated with a rise of temperature in south-western Enrope, and perhaps in northern Africa. That this indnces the birds to embark on their northward journey does not admit of doubt." + No doubt those pronounced movements, sometimes called " rushes," are caused by a decided rise in temperatnre over the areas whence the movements began, but during the interval between suc- cessive " rushes " migration must be supposed to be in progress, even if unobserved. Further, the remarkable uniformity of climatic conditions prevailing in the Tropics makes it clear that we must look elsewhere for an explanation of the departure of migratory species which winter in this zone.
MIGRATION ROUTES.
While some ornithologists think that birds migrate with an extended frout, roughly corresponding in width to that of the breeding area, others maintain that they follow geographically defined routes, whose deflexions depend primarily upon topographical features.^:
Our knowledge of the precise boundaries of the winter' range of many even of the best known summer visitants to Europe is very imperfect. Having reached the winter quarters, there is not the same necessity for birds to occupy a limited area as there is during the breeding season, and doubtless more or less individual wandering takes place, as indeed we see to a pronounced degree in the winter immigrants to our own area. The spring journey, therefore, for the same bird may start <luring successive years from points widely separated. The conclusi(,in which best harmonizes with actual observations is that, in the performance of the journey to and from the breeding quarters, each species traverses a definite route, some sections of which may deviate widely from its general trend. The route may intersect other routes, or may coincide with them for a longer or shorter distance. Where physical features are followed, we may be sure it is not from the guidance they afford, but because they mark out convenient high- ways. There is some indubitable evidence that migration at times proceeds at great heights. Whether on these occasions the routes followed are more direct and wholly independent of the relief of the land is not yet known.
* "The Geographical Origin and Distribution of North ^imerican Birds, considered in Eelatiou to llie Faunal Areas of Nortli America" (^Auh, x. p. 104).
t " Digest of the Observations on the lligrations of Birds at Lighthouses and Light-vessels, 1880-1887 " (JHejJort Brit. Asmo., ISDti, p. 474). See also Cooke, " Report on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in the years 1884 and 1885 " (^Bullclm No. 2, Dimsion of A'eonvmie Ornitholoijy [now Biological .Sur\cyJ. U.S. Dcpaftment of Agriculture, p. 1(! et seij.).
t " Sie vcrfolgen \ielmehr ganz bcstimmtc, geographisch bcgrenzte Strassen, deren Biegungcn vorallem durcli die topographischen Vcrhiiltnisse der Gegenden bedingt werden "(J. A. I'almfn, Hefcrat ilber den Stand iter Kenntniss den Voi/clzuges, p. 3). Professor I'almen, it should be mentioned, is speaking of certain Arctic-breeding birds, but he appears to think the statement may be taken generally.
2
( 18 )
There is auotlier jibase of the subject that deserves notice. In witnessing migration in jirogress, esj)ecially over the sea, one can iiardly fail to remark that certain " fly-lines " are followed. This phenomenon has sometimes led observers to conclude that birds cross the sea from certain points only. This is probabl)' an erroneous view, and we may expect to find that the departure takes jilace from any point within the section of the coast corresponding to the migration route. AVben an indiviilnal or a party takes the initiative, the force of example causes the lead to be followed by other individuals or parties, and in this fashion a " flv-line " is established.
HOW DO BIRDS FIND THEIR WAY?
When we turn to the (jnestion as to how birds direct and maintain their tlight in the right direction, we are confronted with a problem of the most perplexing kind, and one which is much complicate! by reason of the great diversity to be observed in the movements of most s])ecies, and in the conditions under which Ihe movements take place. Want of sustenance and temperature changes are doubtless sufficient to lead birds to wander, but these causes operating alone are just as likely to lead them to wander in the wrong direction. They need to be associated with some other and more important factor before orderly progres.sion in a definite direction becomes possible.
Many writers have supposed that guidance is afibrded by the i)romiuent topographical features of a country, such as rivers and mountain systems. Let us take the case of a common and widely distributed migratory species in our own countrj', say, the Swallow, and consider how the individuals may, by the aid of physical features, reach the sonth coast. During their flights in search of food, individual Swallows, no matter what part of the couutry they occupy, are pretty certain to explore a sufiiciently wide radius to make themselves acquainted with numerous waterways. If a waterway is followed in the direction of the stream, sooner or later the sea-board is reached. This, then, would be an easy way of reaching the coast ; but there remains the difficulty of reaching the south coast, and this difficulty is not at ail lessened in the case of those birds which reach the east and west coasts, since a faculty that would enable them to follow these coasts in a southerly direction would suffice to enable them to attain the desired end by directing their flight from the first in a southerly direction. In the case of great masses of land, the guidance afforded by following rivers or mountain ranges would, as often as not, lead birds right out of their course.
Any one who examines the evideuce that has been adduced in support of the theory that birds are guided by the i)rominent physical aspects of the laud they traverse will, I think, not fail to become convinced of the inadei|uacy of such guidance.
Some authorities of note have thought that the guidance may be due to a "sense of direction," and in support of the theory have referred to the exercise of such a faculty by human beings, especially savages, and by wild and domesti- cated animals. It is to be observed, iiowever, tiiat this fjiculty is, to a very large extent, correlated with experience ; and it seems doubtful, to say the least, whether it can ever be " wholly indej)endent of intellectual forces," as is averred by Trofessor Newton (oj/. cit. ]). oO!', footnote) ; for, if this were true, young Buvages and young "homing" Pigeons wnuld find their way as easily as adults.
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lu the case of a migrant, the faculty of orieutation is not only advantageous to the individuals (as in the other cases mentioned), bnt absolutely indispensable to the existence of tlie species, and leaves little room for adventitious elements.
I do not doubt that birds possess a sense of direction — indeed, this is evinced in the well-known wanderings of Albatrosses in the Southern Ocean. While these birds are extremely local during the breeding season, at other times they wander great distances in any direction, although seldom beyond definite north and south limits. The faculty whereby they direct their fliglit back to tlie breeding stations, over hundreds of miles of open water, is doubtless akin to that exhibited by savages and Pigeons.
ORIGIN OF BIRD-MIGRATION.
Several attempts have been made to trace the origin of the impulse nf migration in the northern hemisphere to tliose secular changes of climate which resulted in the Glacial Period. The theory is admirably stated by Dr. Allen {op. cit. pp. 100- 102), and I may here attemjjt a summary.
During the southward progress of the " ice-cap," the area occupied by many species of birds would be gradually encroached upon, bnt the effect produced would vary greatly in different cases. A species having a restricted northern habitat might become extinct ; another species with an extensive latitudinal range, especially if the northern limits of the range did not previously extend much beyond the southern boundary of the ice, might be unaffected save for a lessening of area. " Opportunity was given for the gradual adaptation of many forms to a lower temperature than that to which they had been accustomed, and to an enforced change of food," thus leading to the evolution of new types. Dr. Allen thinks there was " a great crowding together of exiles from the north into the more favoured regions to the southward." This may be doubted. The process was so gradual that it is more likely there resulted extinction or modification of the northern forms, and at the culmination of the period of glaciation we may supjjose that a state approaching equilibrium was reached. " Finally the ice receded to its present limits, and the whole north, under radically altered climatic conditions, became again available for occupation by the more or less modified descendants of the pre-glacial exiles." It was at the time of the recession of the ice tliat the impulse of migration is sui)posed to have originated and become established. During the milder i)eriod of the 3-ear some species would seek to extend the bounds of their range — only, however, to be driven back uj)on the approach of winter. This incipient migration would become more orderly and also more extended as habitable land became available.
All that this h3'pothesis claims is that we must look to the changes of climate induced in the northern hemisphere by the decline of the Glacial Period as the ultimate cause of migration in this part of the globe. Indications are not wanting, however, that, under conditions obtaining at the present time, the migratory impulse tends to strengthen in some forms and to weaken in others.
An excellent illustration of this tendency is afforded by the American forms of (Hocor'm alpt'stris. In Mr. Harry C Oberholser's careful and elaborate treatise ('' A Review of tlie Larks of the Genus Otocorin," I'lvc. U.S. yaf. Mks. xxiv. pp. 801-883, pll. xliii-xlix) twenty-two New World forms are recognized. Of these eleven are migratory, ten apparently resident, and one from lack of material doubtful— namely, Otocoris alpcstrig pallida. The migratory forms mostly fall into
(20)
two series, one consisting of the northern forms 0. a. alpestris, hoijti and arcticola, of which the breeding areas are north of parallel 47°N.; and the other of the central forms (). a. strigata, merrilli, leucolne.ma, enthi/mia and praticola, almost confined to the belt between 37 and 54 N. The three other migrator)- forms — namely, 0. a. aclustu, ammopliila and occidfiifulis — occnjiy restricted breeding areas in the south- west of the United States. Of the ten apjiarently resident forms, 0. a. ijiraudi, peregrina, chrysolaema, oaxacae, aphrasta and diaphora, have ranges to the sonth of any of the migratory forms, extending from about 32' N. to close to the Equator. The four remaining forms, 0. a. insularig, actia, rubta and leuca)tsi])tila, occur in the west and south-west of the United States. (Cf. Map, PI. XLVIl.) AVe arrive, therefore, at the following results : —
1. All the Horned Larks which breed north of 41 N. hit. are migratory.
2. All the forms south of 30 N. are resident.
3. Between these parallels are fonnd forms apparently strictly resident, such as 0. alpestris rubea, which is confined to the Sacramento Valley, California ; and forms distinctly migratory, such as 0. alpestris arliista.
Here we have an assemblage of closely allied forms, some of which are eminently migratory, while others are sedentary, and between the extremes are other forms which exhibit no "regular nor well-defined movement," although " there exists a greater or less individual inclination to wander during the winter " (p. S02). There is some likelihood that the northern forms developed the impulse of migration in consequence of a gradual extension of range.
Most instructive instances of the development of migratory habits in con- sequence of extension of range are fonnd in the almost exclusively tropical family Trockilidue, one species, Selatop/iorus rufus, extending north-west in summer to Cr N., while on the other hand Eusteplianus yalerifus "visits the inhospitable shores of Tierra-del-Fuego, where it has been seen visiting the flowers of fuchsias in a snowstorm, while it spends the winter in the warmer parts of ("hili and Bolivia" fA. R. Wallace, Troincal Sature, ed. 1891, p. 323).
(21 )
LEPIDOPTERA FROM THE SUDAN.
By WILLIAM WARREN, M.A., F.E.g., and THE HON. N. CHARLES ROTHSCHILD, M.A., F.L.S.
(Plate IV.)
THE specimens mentioned in the present article were collected in the Sudan by the jnnior anther, the Hon. Francis R. Henley, and Mr. A. F. N. Wollaston in 1904.*
1 . Papilio demodocus Esp., . \us/. Srhm. p. 20.5. n. 9a. t. .^l. fig. 1 (1 798) (" China,"
" Bengalen," loci error).
2 ? ?, Khartoum, Feliruary 18th, 1904.
This species was abundant at Khartdum in the Zoological Gardens, flying round lemon trees {Citrus).
2. tDanaida chrysippus f. chrysippus (Linn.), Si/sf. Nat. ed. x. p. 471 (175.S)
(lig.vpt)-
3 c?c?, 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 1904.
3. tDanaida chrysippus f. dorippus (King), S</m/). Phys. text t. 48. f. 1-.') (184;"))
(Dongola).
2 c?cJ, 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Jannary 31st, February 1st and 0th, 1904.
4. Pyrameis cardiii (Linn.), Sijst. Kut. ed. x. p. 475. u. 107 (1758) (Europe). 1 S, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Feliruary 13th, 1904.
• <. Belenois mesentina (Cram.), Pap. E.rot. iii. p. 140. t. 27(t. f. A. B. (1782)
(Coromandel).
4 cJc?, 4 $ ?, Nakheila, II. Atbara, January 3oth— February 'ith, 1904.
0. tTeracolus daira (Klug), ,Si/m/k Phys. text t. 8. f. 1-4 fl829) (Arabia Felix) ; Sharpe, Moitograiih Toarolus p. 125 (1901).
9 Si, Si ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Jannary 30th— Febrnary 12th, 1904. No specimens of the " dry season form " t liagore (King) were observed. One ? example secured shows traces of the orange patch on the forewing.
7. Teracolus protomedia (Klug), Si/mb. Phy». text t. 8. f. 13. 14 (1829) (Arabia
Felix).
1 SS,\ ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, January 31st— February 12th, 1904.
' Species marked thus, f, were treated of in our previous paper oii " Egyptian aud Soudanese Lcpidoptera," Kow Zool. vol. viii. pp. 42G-434 (ISIUI).
(22 )
S. Teracolns evarne (King), S</ml>. P//>/s. text t. 0. f. 1-4 (lS2n) (Ambukol) ; Sharpe, MonoiirajJi Teracolns p. Oil (lltOd).
22 cJcf, 6 ? ?, Naklieila, R. Atbara, January 31st— February Uth, 1904.
'1. Teracolus pseudacaste r.iitl., /'. Z. s. p. ],-,(i. t. (\. f. 11 (ISTO) (White Nile). 7 <Jc?, 2 ? 9, Nakbeila, It. Atbnrn, January 31st— Febrnary 12tli. 1004.
111. tCupido baeticus (Linn.), S;/sf. ^'(ll. eJ. xii. p. 789. n. 220 (1767) (Barbary). 7 (?(?, S ? ?, Nakheila, H. Atbara, January 30th— February Otli, 1904.
11. tCupido ubaldus (< 'ram.), Poji. Kr. iv. p. 209. t. 390. f. l. jr. (1782)
(C'oromandel).
2 c?(?, 2 ¥ ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 3ra— lltli, 1904.
1-. tCupido theophrastus (Fabr.), lu//. Si/xf. iii. i, p. 281. n. 32 (1793) (Morocco). (PI. IV. fig.' 17 J, 18 ¥).
22 (?c?, 8 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, January 31st— Febrnary 11th, 1904. This species was generally to be found in company with the next, fretpienting the long coarse grass near the river.
13. tCatachrysops eleusis (Demaison), 7>!//L Sor. Knt. Fr. (G). viii. \\ 60 (1888) (Egypt). (PI. IV. tig. 1.3 i, 10 ?).
27 SS, 1.-) ? ?, Nakheila, ]{. Atbara, January 31st,— February 13th, 1904.
13a. Zizera karsandra (Jloore), P. '/.. S. p. 505. t. 31. f. 7 (1865) (Bengal). 1 J, Xaklieila, K. Atbara, Febrnary 4th, 1904.
14. Celerio lineata livornica (Esper), lu/r. Sr/nz/rff. ii. p. ,SS (1779) (Italy). 1 J, AVaJy Haifa, Febrnary 23rd, 1904.
17). Odontocheilopteryx griseata spec. uov.
(?. Forciring : grey, darker in the central area; basal lino blackish, waved, edged on both sides with whitish ; outer line at two-thirds, oblique outwards from costa to vein (i, then oblique inwards, crenulate, edged with whitish, which is most marked at costa and before inner margin and there itself followed by a dark line ; submarginal line dentate, blackish, sj)acc between outer and submarginal line often brown-tinged, this colour sometimes extending to base ; fringe mottled with daik grey, and jiale along base ; a blackish bhitch at end of submarginal line on inner margin.
Ilimlwiixj : i)ale greyisli ochreous ; fringe grey, above anal angle blackish.
Underside : basal half of forewing dark grey, containing a slight pale spot at end of cell, which is faintly visible on upper side, and fcdlowcd by a pale costal spot ; outer half of wing pale grey ; hindwing pale grc^v, with curved dark grey central line and dark sjiot at anal angle.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; antennae pale greyish ochreous.
( 23 )
? pale smoky grey, darker towards base and inner margin, with tliree waved parallel dark grey lines beyond middle ; underside of both wings pale grey.
Expanse of wings : cJ, ~4 mm. ; ? , 35 mm.
Near to (>. sohria (Wlk.) from Natal, and ohsoleta (King) from Nubia and Upper Egypt.
S S'S, 2 ??, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary 4tli— 0th ; 1 i, Merawi, N. Sudan, March 12th; 1 S, Shcrcik, N. Sudan, January I'.itli, 19n4.
Hi. Beralade pura spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 13 cJ).
Fori'irhig : white; the costal edge finely ochraceons ; fringe white, faintly ghissy : a faint trace of a pale brown oblique line from the direction of apex to before middle of inner margin.
Ilimhriiiij : white.
Underside white; the veins and marginal line slightly ochraceons.
Head, thorax, and abdomen white; palpi dull yellow, externally fnscons ; legs white, the fore-knees fuscous ; all the tarsi yellow with black rings ; antennae ochraceons.
Eximnse of wings : 40 mm.
1 (J, Shereik, N. Sudan, January 10th, 1004.
The single specimen came to light. An acetylene lamp with a " sheet," similar to that used in the Fens of Clambridgeshire, was employed.
IT. Cossus henleyi spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 14 $).
Forririiu/ : dark grey, with a rufous tinge at middle of wing in the snbmedian interval ; costal area with numerous short black streaks, some of which are l}roduced across wing as dark lines ; one before middle, a second jnst beyond it, the two ajiproximated below the median ; one at two-thirds to near anal angle, and a fourth before hiudmargin, ending above anal angle and ramifying towards margin ; fringe iron-grey.
Iliiiihciiig : much paler grey, towards apex whitish, with dark grey rijipjing between the veins ; fringe grey.
Underside pale dull cinereous; costal streaks of forewing short and thick; lines only visible towards hindniai'gin ; liindwinj,' like foi'ewiiiij- in tint, the costa tliickly dusted with blacjcish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey; tips of slioulders and patagia, and basal segments of dorsnni black; antennae black ; legs dark and light grey.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
9 c?c?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February Tth, Sth, 1904.
All the specimens came ti> light, settling at once on the sheet. This species is named in honour of the Hon. Francis R. Henley.
IS. Ilema heuleyi spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 31?).
ForeiciiKj : cinereous, speckled with blackish ; at about one-third is a broad curved fascia constricted in middle, where the pale basal area projects into it; the costal, inner, and hindmargins are also sprinkled with black scales, and possibly in quite fresh examples the whole area is thus sprinkled ; at two-thirds there are traces of an oblique line marked liy black dashes on veins ; before the marginal
( '24 )
area there appears to be an oblique space of pale groniid-colonr ; marginal blackish spots at ends of veins ; fringe grey.
Jliiifhring : wliite, the fringe inphidetl.
Underside white, the forewing slightlj- grey-tinged.
Hi>ad and thorax pale grey ; abdomen more Inteons,
E.xpanse of wings : 32 mm.
1 ? Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary 0th, 1904.
This species is named in honour of the Hon. Francis 11. Henley.
19. Agrotis segetum (Schiff.), Wien. Verz.\\ SI (1776). 1 ?, Nakheihi, H. Atbara, February 7th, 1904.
20. Euxoa spinifera Hill)., Sinnnil. llur. Selnn. Noct. f. 389 (1827).
1 ¥, Nakheila, 1{. Atbara, February .jth; 1 J, 4 5 5, Merawi, N. Sudan, March rjth— Ifltli.
1 ? , Kerma, N. Sudan, Febrnary 2r)th, 1904.
21. tLaphygma exigua (Hiib.), Samml. Eur. Srhm. Noct. f. 362 (1827). 1 S, Nakheila, U. Atbara, February 7th, 1904.
22. Tatorhyncus vinctalis (Wlk.), Cat. Lep. B. M. xxxiv. p. 1476 (1865)
(S. India, Australia).
1 <?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary 6th, 1904.
23. Heliothis dipsacea (Linn.), Syst. Nat. ed. xii. p. S.oe. n. 185 (1767).
1 ?, Kerma, N. Sudan, March 5th, 1904.
24. tPandesma quenavadi (Guen.), Lep. vi. Noct. ii. p. 438. n. 1310
(1852) (Sylhet).
2 S S, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 13th, and Kerma, N. Sudan, March 6th, 1904.
25. Pericyma fasciolata spec nov. (Pi. IV. fig. UcJ, 21¥).
? . Forewing : dusty grey ; the basal patch dark grey, edged by a fine concise blackish line ; outer line also fine and concise, at two-thirds, curved in slightly round lower angle of cell, followed by a thick grey line jjarallel to it ; between the two fine lines the ground-colour is somewhat paler and crossed by three vertical waved dark bands, all bent in cell, the outer two darker and double, tlie last including in its bend the finely edged reniform cell-spot ; a slight pale submarginal line, followed at apex by a dark blotch ; hindmargin crcnulate, slightly marked with black between the veins ; fringe full, dusty grey.
llindwiny : a little jiaier, with traces of postmedian and submarginal waved lines.
Underside greyish white, with grey speckling ; apex of forewing tinged with grey.
( 25 )
Head, thorax, and abdomen gre}- ; abdomen beneath and legs whitish ; paljii internally whitish, blackish externally.
Some ? ? are almost wholly brownish grey, with the markings obscured ; in one ? , larger than all the rest and somewhat worn, the ground colonr seems to have been mixed with Inteons.
c? with forewing mncli brighter ; tlie pale grey tints becoming whitish and the dark grey tints blackish, especially towards the two fine lines, which are mnch more strongly marked. The hindwings are whitish.
Expanse of wings : 24-26 mm.
3 (?<:?, 10 ? ?. Nakheila, I{. Atbsira, .Tannary .31st, Febrnary 13th, 10(i4.
20. Grammodes stolida (Fabr.), Knt. S;/st. p. 599. u. 38 (ITTS) (E. Indies). 1 S, Nakheila, U. Atbara, February 1st, 1904.
27. Synthimia exsiccata spec, nov (PI. IV. fig. 19(?, 30?).
Forewing : pale ochreons, with a jiale brownish tinge, and dusted with brown scales ; a pale waved inner line with sliglit brownish edging ; a pale outer line tit two-thirds, parallel to hindmargin, recurved above to costa, its outer edge marked by brown dashes on veins ; this outer line is preceded by a curved brown fascia widening upwards, and followed by a grey-brown fascia of uniform width, and which reaches costa, margined outwardly by a pale snbmarginal line ; a row of brown marginal spots ; fringe ochreons.
IliiKliciiKj : white, slightly washed with ochreons ; marginal line ochreons ; fringe white.
Underside pale glossy ochreons.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons ; the corneous frontal spines black.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
The description is made from the clearest marked ¥ ; some specimens are much paler, showing scarcely any traces of the markings.
1 (J, 3 ? ?, Merawi, N. Sudan, 13-15th March 1904.
2 ? ? , Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary 5th and 7th.
28. t Acantholipes circumdata (Wlk.), Cat. Lep. B.M. xv. p. 1763
(1858) (Congo).
1 ?, Nakheila, K. Atbara, February 7th, 1004.
29. Eublemma scitula (Ramb.), Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. (1). ii. p. 2(5. t. 2. f 10 (1S33) (Spain). (PI. IV. fig. 29J).
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary 7th, 19(14.
30. Raparna bipuncta spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 24(?).
Forewing : white with a faint ochreons tinge ; a black dot in the cell and another at the end ; fringe concohirons.
llimlwing : white, without the ochreons (inge ; fringe white.
f 26 )
Underside wliitn : forowiiig tinged with oelireoiis towards costa. Head and thorax white ; abdomen white tinged with oehreons ; poljii externally och reous.
Expanse of wings : 10 mm.
Near /?. lactea Swinh., from India, but smaller.
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February Tth, 10i)4.
31. Raparna minima spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 23c?).
Forcwing : whitish, with a jireyish oihreons tinge, except along costn, and between the veins finely dusted with grey ; fringe slightly paler, bnt tinged with grey.
IliiuhriiK/ : with a slight ot'hreoiis tinge, but without grey dusting; fringe white.
Underside of forewing greyish oehreons, with i)aler fringe ; of hindwing wliite.
Head and thorax white : abdomen whitish : palpi externally grey.
Expanse of wings : J 13 mm. ; ? l-"i mm.
2 c?cf 1 ?, K. Atbara, Feb. 3rd— 6th, 10ii4.
32. Metachrostis badia fRwinh.), P. Z. S. p. 44:. (18Sr,) fJIhow). 1 9. Niikheilii. li. Atbnrn. February nth. IO114.
33. fPlusia limbirena Guen., Lfy>. vi. Noet. ii. \k 3."iit (ISHS) (('n\>c of Good
Hope, etc.).
1 tJ, Nakheila, R. Atbarn, February 8th, 1904.
34. Plusia circumflexa rLinn.), Si/sf. Nat. ed. x. p. S44. u. 12S (i:.>8) fEuroiJe). ! ¥, Kerma, N. Sudan, February 2(jth, 1904.
3r>. Galasa pulvemlenta spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 34).
Fm-eicing : dull biownish grey, dusted with darker; costal edge pale with dark dots; no distinct lines; a slight jwle disial s]iot with some dark scales inter- mixed ; fiinge concolorous, with fine dark dusting.
Hind winy : greyish white, darker towards npex ; fringe white.
Underside glossy whitish ; the forewing tinged with greyish lutcous in the disc; the costa oehreons with dark spots; fringe ochreous ; hindwing and fringe whitish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen jiale grey ; the fiiee more whitish ; tarsi fuscous with pale rings.
Expanse of wings : 2i) mm.
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Febrnary Tth, 1904.
3(1. Euchloris dissimilis spec. nov. (II. IV. fig. 27?).
Forewing: cream-colour, with two thick brown lines curved parallel to hind- margin ; the first from before middle of costa to one-third of inner margin ; the second close to hindmargin ; a slight brown marginal line dotted darker on veins ; fringe concolorons ; cell-spot black, distinct.
(27 )
Ifindirinq : jmlev, witli nutov lino only, nml tlmt, indistinct.
Untlrrsiile of fovowing tinged with greenish towards costa ; cell-spot dark ; enter line thick and dift'ase greenish grey ; the apex dusted with grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen nil whitish.
Expanse of wings : 15mm.
From the neiiration this must be referred to the snbfamily Geometrinae, where it comes nearest to K. ochrra Warr. and uridida Swinh.; but in the present species the costal and subcostal of the hindwing nnnstomose for nearly the whole length of cell, as in Si/ndromodes.
2 ? ?,'Niil<heila. R. Atbnra, Feb. 4th and 7th, 1004.
37. Syndromodes unicolor Warren, Nor. Zool. iv. p. 45 (1807) (S. Africa).
3 c?(?, 2 ¥ ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 0th, 7th, 1904.
38. Microloxia ruficornis Warren, Noc. Zool. iv. p. 42 (1897) (Natal). 1 cT, 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 5th, Gth, 1904.
30. Cosymbia marcida spec nov. (PL IV. fig. 28 $).
Forriciiifi : ochreons with a faint flesh-coloured tint : lines slightly dnrkoi', very fiiini, and often obsolete, parallel to hindmargin ; basal at one-fourth, median at one-half, and outer at three-quarters of inner margin, all becoming evanescent before eosta ; hindmargin and fringe dee]ier, like the lines ; cell-spot white with faintly darker edges.
Hiiulwiiuj : with costal area pale ; median line only visible, on inner margin.
Underside ochreons, thickly striated with dull pink; the outer line on both wings curved, pinkish. Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs ochreons ; face pale brown.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
5 (?c?, 8 ? S, Nakheila, R. Atbara, Fcbrnary 5th— Otb, 1004.
411. Ptychopoda crassisquama spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 3(i ?).
Forrwincf : ochraceous, dusted with purplish grey scales ; the markings of the same tint, formed by rather coarse scales; tliese are a broad antemedian tascia and two waved bands jiostmcdian and submarginal ; some dark irregular scales along hindmargin ; cell-spot small and black ; fringe ochraceous, thickly dusted with grey.
flim/ifiiH/ : with the base grey ; the space between it and the postmedian band narrow ; cell-spot black.
Underside dull testaceous, the dark tints showing tlirongh.
Face and palpi dark brown ; vertex, antennae, and thorax ochraceous ; abdomen ochraceous sjieckled with purplish.
Expanse of wings : 13 mm,
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 7th, 1904.
41. Ptychopoda microptera s])cc. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 37 ?).
Forc/n'/K/ : stone grey dusted coarsely with dark scales ; costa with a black sjiot just before the middle, from which an obscure dark median line runs oblii|ueiy
( 28 )
inwavfls to before middle of inner margin ; a smaller costnl dot nearer base indicates tlie commencement of an inner line which ai^iears to cnrve ontwards and touch the median line in midwing ; a similar dark dot towards apex denotes the submarginal line ; a black cell-dot at two-thirds ; fringe dusty grey.
Ilimhriiig : with black cell-dot, and faint inner and outer lines.
Underside jjale grey ; cell-spots black in both wings.
Face and ])alpi black ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen pale grey ; the vertex and shoulders sometimes whiter.
Expanse of wings : 8 mm.
The wings long and narrow ; superticially the insect resembles a small Tinea.
2 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 6th, 1904.
42. Ptychopoda granulosa spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 38).
Forewing : mealy olive-grey; lines denoted by a few black scales, most distinct at costa ; first cnrved at one- fourth ; median slightly curved inwards, more distini't than the rest; exterior and submarginal only marked at costa; fringe full, concolorous with wing ; no cell-spot.
Iliiuhring : with only the median shade expressed.
Underside as upper, but dusted with darker and coarser scales; median and outer lines marked towards costa.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all olive-grey ; face and ])al]ii black.
Expanse of wings : 10 mm.
Extremely like the jirecediug sjiecies, P. m/rropfi'ni. from which it can be at once distinguished by the absence of cell-spots.
2 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 0th and 12th, 1004.
4:!. fPseudosterrha gayneri Rothsch., JXm: Zoo/, viii. j). 433 (1001) (Sliendi). 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 2nd, 1004 (PI. IV. lig. 10 ¥ .)
44. Zamarada secutaria (Guen.), Li'/j. x. Phal. ii. ]>. 4."). n. '.too (1857) (Abyssinia).
1 (?, 3 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th— Sth ; 1 ?, Kerma, N. Sudan, February 25th, 1904.
45. tTephrina disputaria (Guen.), Lrp. x.Phal. ii. \>. 480. n. ITlo (1857) (Egypt).
(PI. IV. tig. 20 ?,25 (J.)
3 (?<?, 20 ? ?. Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 5th— 11th, 19()4.
40. Peridela sudanata spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 20 <J).
Fore/riiKj : dirty whitish ochrcous, with an olive-grey suftnsion in basal and marginal areas ; the jialer central area dusted with grey striae ; costa dotted with black ; lines blackish, interrujited ; first curved at one-third ; median shade diffuse, passing outside the black cell-sjiot ; outer line at three-fourths, oblii|uely curved outwards, black and distinct fiom costa to vein 0, there angled and oblique inwards, less distinct, to inner margin at three-fourths, followed by a dark cloud, which is marked with a black spot above vein 0 and by a black blotch on submedian fold ; all the other lines similarly blotched along this fold; an interrupted dark marginal line ; fringe grey.
( 29 )
Iliudiving : with blackisli cell-siiot, and indistinct central and postmedian lines ; the snbmargiual shade bioadei- and complete.
Underside much jjaler, whitish with a faint yellowish tinge, coarsely grey- s])eckled ; cell-spots black ; marginal area grey beyond a smoky-grey submarginal shade.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; centre of vertex, base of shoulders, and tips of patagia blackish.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
Forewiug with large fovea: hindmargin of hiudwing scarcely elbowed at vein 4.
■2 (?c?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February Tth, 8th, 1904.
47. tCrocalia aglossalis Hag., Am/. Soc. Ent. Fr. (6). ii. p. 635 (1891) (Karachi). 1 J, Nakheila, K. Atbara, February 2nd, 1904.
48. tScotomera woUastoni llothsih., JSloc. Zool. viii. p. 433 (1901) (>Sheudi). '2 S 6, Nakheila, li. Atbara, February Tth, 1904.
49. Pyralis obsoletalis (Mann), Wien. Ent. Mon. viii. p. 179 (1864) (Brnssa). 1 c^, Nakheila, II. Atbara, February 6th, 1904.
5(». Diplopseustis perieresalis (Wlk.), Cat. Lep. B. M. xix, p. 958 (Borneo).
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th, 1904.
51. Marasmia trapezalis (Guen.), Lcp. Delt. ,)'■ P>/r. p. 200 (1854) (S. Leone).
2 (?(?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 2nd and Tth, 1904.
52. Hellula undalis (Fabr.), Ent. Si/st. iii. 2. p. 226 (1T94) (Italy). 2 <?(?, Nakheila, River Atbara, February 5th and Tth, 1904.
53. Nomophila noctuella (Schitf.), Wien. Verz.\^. 136(1776).
4 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 1st— 6th, 1904.
54. Cornifrons ulceratalis Led., Wien. Eiif. Mon. ii. p. 147 (1858) (Damascus).
5 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 2nd— Pith, 1904.
55. Pachyzancla phaeopteralis (Guen.), J.ejj. Belt. <]'• Fi/r. p. 349. n. 409 (1854)
(8. America).
1 cf, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th, 1904.
56. Cybolomia pentadalis Led., Ver/i. Z. B. Ver. Wien v. p. 217 (1855).
1 ¥, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 5th, 1904.
The present example is much more strongly streaked than the Syrian types. Two examples iu the National Collection, however, from Aden are intermediate.
( 30 ) 57. Cybolomia simplex si)ec. uov. (PI. IV. fig. 5 ?).
Fore u-i riff : sandy ochreous (?), or pale ochreous (c?), unmarked, excej)t b}- a minute black speck at end of cell, and three or four blackish dots on the pale costal edge ; a row of very minute daric dots before bindmargiu ; fringe slightly grey-mottled.
Ilhidiciiiff : paler, especially towards base.
Underside pale ochreous : both wings finely dusted with blackish along costa and with minute black marginal dots.
Thorax and abdomen ochreous without dusting ; head, antennae, and pul[ii jialer, speckled with black.
Expanse of wings : 10 mm.
I 6, 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 5th, 1904.
58. Anerastia lotella (Hub.), Samml. Eur. Srlmi. Tin. f. :i34 (17y0). 4 c?c?, :^ ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th— 11th, 1904.
69. Anerastia stigmatella Rag., Noac. Gi-ii. p. 49 (1888) (E. Indies). 1 ?, Nakheila, H. Atbara, February 4th, 1904.
00. Gymnancyla canella (Hiib.), Samml. Eur. Sc/im., Tin. f. 289 (1T96). 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 5th, 19n4.
01. Ephestia calidella Gnen., /m/. M'tlwd. p. 82 (1845) (Hyeres). 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 7th, 1904.
02. Ephestia figulilella Gregs., Entom. v. \k 365 (IsO.d) (Liverpool).
1 6i Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 0th, 1904.
03. Nephopteryx ferrealis llmpsn.. Auk. .Va;/. .V. //. (7). i. p. loi (1898) (rretoria) (Fl. IV. fig. 4ii ?).
0 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 0th— 13th, 19n4.
04. Salebria metamelana Hmpsn., F. Z. .■s. p. 271 (1890) (Aden).
2 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th and 0th, 1904.
05. Euzophera trigeminata spec. nov. (Fl. IV. fig. 0 ?).
Foreiri/iff : chalk-white ; with a pair of black spots and two pairs of transverse grey lines ; first spot on subcostal vein close to base, second at end of cell ; first pair of lines antemedian, bent outwards at first, then vertical ; second pair beyond discal spot, sinuous and crinkled, darker marked ou costa ; fringe white, witli a slight dark line at base and the apical half grey.
Ilimhciny : whitish, with grey cell-spot and grey submarginal and marginal lines, not reaching anal angle ; fringe white.
( 31 )
Underside of forewin^r ocbreous-tinged, with the cell-spot, two onter lines and fringe grey; hindwing whitish, with the submarginal line and cell-spot. Head, thorax, and abdomen white, the last somewhat grey-tinged. E.Npanse of wings : IT — 20 mm. 2 ? V', Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th, 1004.
60. Epischnia masticella Uag., in RomanoJf\ Man. Lcp. vii. p. 4'.J8 (1893)
(Persia). 1 ¥, Nakheila, 11. Atbara, February .jth, 1U04.
07 Epischnia cinerosalis sjjec. uov. (PI. IV. iig. 2 ? ).
Forewiny : pale grey, densely covered with blackish grey scales, except close to base, along an outwardly obli(ine inner line and a sinuous outer line, which are slightly paler ; the inner line is followed by a blacker shade ; the outer is strongly bulged outwardly in middle and insinuate beyond cell and on submediau fold ; an obscure angled blackish cell-mark ; fringe pale grey.
lluultviitij: pearly whitish, with a grey cloud at apex and narrow grey line along hiudmargiu ; fringe whitish, with a rather broad grey basal line.
Underside glossy, greyish white.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey speckled with darker ; palpi externally blackish.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
1 ¥ , Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 8th, 1904.
OS. Heterographis rivulalis spec nov. (PI. IV. fig. 7 f ).
Forewini] : olive-grey, finely speckled with darker olive and rufous scales ; first line from about one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, obli([ne outwards, pale, preceded by a crinkled line of fine black scales and followed by a fuscous shade ; outer line pale, edged on both sides, but more thickly inwardly, with fuscous, indented basewards beyond coll and on submedian fold ; some dark scales represent the ci'll-mark ; a marginal line of crinkled black scales ; fringe pale grey, with a darker middle line.
Iliiulwiny : pearly white, with tine grey marginal line ; fringe white, with grey basal line.
Underside glossy whitish ; forewiug shaded with rufous grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : lU mm.
1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February Uth, l'J04.
0'.». Eromene ocellea (Haw.), Lcjj. Brit. iii. p. 4s0 (lsl2) (Suburbs of London). 1 6, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 2nd, iyu4.
70. Polyocha anerastiodes spec. uov. (PI. IV. fig. 3?).
Forcirimi : ochreous, overlaid with reddish ochraceous scales ; the costal streak remaining pale ochreous without any dusting ; fringe concolorous.
Hindwing : pearly white, with an ochreous grey marginal line swollen into a slight cloud at ajiex ; fringe white, with a dark basal line.
(32 )
Underside of forewing yellowish ochreons ; of hiudwiiig white.
Abdomen like wiugs ; shonlders, jjatagia, and face ochreons, like the costal stripe.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
2 ??, Shereik, N. Sudan, January 18th, 10(J4; and Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 8tb.
71. Arenipses sabella (Hmpsn.), in Romanoff, Mem. Lqi. viii. p. oUl (1901) (Fao).
2 JJ, -i ? ? ; tlie 6S and 1 ? from Nakheila, W. Atbara, February (3th, Tth : 3 ¥ ¥ from Merawi, X. «udau, March l~'th— 14th, l'.)ii4 (PI. IV. fig. 32, 39, S ?.)
The SS are typical, but the ? ? much redder than the Arabian type, and look almost a different insect.
72. Platytes impar spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 8 S).
cJ. Forewing : olive-ochreous, with faint darker dusting, this ground-colour showing only in central area and towards apex ; the basal area is filled with very neat dark grey dusting and bounded by a distinct black nearly vertical line at one-third ; outer line from two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, outcurved above, then sinuous, more or less parallel to hindmargin ; marginal area filled up with a grey cloud, leaving apex pale ; a line of black dots before hindmargin ; fringe with two fine crinkled grey lines at base and broadly grey beyond, but with a pale patch above anal angle : a pale spot on costa on each side of outer line ; cell- spot grey, double, hardly visible.
Ilinfliriny : ochreons grey, darker towards apex, witli a faint darker outer line and blackish marginal line ; fringe wholly ochreons.
Underside pale ochreons, heavily dusted with dark grey along costa of both wings ; outer line and marginal spots shown ; fringe as above.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous ; palpi externally grey.
? much paler : without dark basal patch and marginal clond ; the lines faint ; fringe quite pale and hiudwing whitish ; the bipiiuctate cell-mark of forewing plainer.
Expanse of wings : cJ, 13 mm. ; ? , 16 mm.
The indentation in hindmargin below apex of forewing is much deeper in the c? .
2 c?c?, 2 ? ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, January 31st— February 7th, 19U4.
73. Alavona semilactea spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 12 S).
Forewing ; cream-white ; the markings olive-brown : these are a basal patch with curved outer edge, and a postmedian fascia of irregular shape, the inner half approaching basal patiih below middle and sometimes consisting of two arms enclosing a small space of the white ground-colour, the outer running obliquely outward to a dark spot in middle of wing before hiudmargin, and diffused to anal angle ; all these brown markings are edged and speckled with black scales ; a curved band of olive and black scales before hindmargin; fringe deep, olive- brown and white, with a central blackish line ; tlic wliite areas are also speckled with black scales.
Hind winy : brown-grey, whitish towards base ; fringe white, with irregularly arranged brownish grey scales on basal half.
( 33 )
Underside olive grey-browu, varied with ochreous white, the pale areas much more restricted than on the npperside.
Head, palpi, and shoulders white ; antennae grey, with the shaft white ; thorax and abdomen white, partly mixed with olive-grey.
Expanse of wings : 18 — 30 mm.
y cJc?, 1 ?, Nakheila, R. Atbara, February 4th— Sth, I'Mi.
Perissomastix gen. uov.
Head rough ; tongue obsolete ; antennae longer than forewing, lamellate, the segments closely appressed, basal segment elongate, swollen ; labial palpi well developed, porrect, the segments distinct ; second segment haired beneath, terminal as long as second ; maxillary palpi obsolete.
Wings shaped and scaled as in Tinea.. In forewing one vein is wanting — presumably 9 ; 7, 8 stalked. In hindwing all the veins are preseut, but o, (j are stalked. In the forewing beneath the base of costa bears a small hair-tuft; the costal vein is shortly fringed along basal half; across the cell before middle there is a cushion of thickened scales, showing as a slight prominence on the npperside.
Type : F. nigriccps spec. nov.
74. Perissomastix nigriceps spec. nov. (PI. IV. fig. 9 cj).
Forew/i/</ : fuscous brown, with some paler scales in parts, without markings ; fringe paler.
Hindwing : ochreous white, the fringe more ochreous.
Underside of both wings pale glossy ochreous.
Head and palpi black-brown, the palpi pale at the joints ; antennae ochreous ; thorax and patagia smooth, grey ; abdomen greyish ochreous.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
1 ? , Nakheila, li. Atbara, February 5th, 1904.
( 34 )
NEW SPECIES OE GE03IETBIDAE FROM THE AETHIOPIAN REGION.
By WILLIAM WARREN, M.A., F.E.S. Subfamily ORTHOSTIXINAE.
1. Cartaletis concolor spec. nov.
Differs from C. monteironis Driice in being paler ; a very pale straw-colour, •without any rcdilish tint ; the ])ale blotches of forewing and spots of hindwing in the marginal areas are concolorons with the ground-colour, not bright white.
The nuderside of abdomen is of the same pale straw-yellow as the wings, instead of dull orange, as in monteironis.
Expanse of wings : .5'2 mm.
1 (?, 1 ? from Zululand, October I'.JOl.
Subfamily GEOMETRINAE. -'. Nemoria dorsicristata spec. nov.
Forewing : dull grey-green, the marginal area somewhat paler ; cell-spot rather large, dull blackish ; outer line darker grey-green, thick, below the middle edged with shining whitish, from three-fourths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, oblique outwards to vein 6, there bluntly bent, and obliquely waved inwards ; a very obscure dark curved shade at one-third ; fringe paler, like the margin.
Hindicinff : similar, the postmedian line white-bordered throughout.
Underside uniform whitish green.
Face and thorax green like the wings ; vertex eleeper green ; abdomen paler, the third and fourth dorsal segments marked with partially raised black scales edged with reddish ; palpi pale with darker tips ; fillet and antennae snow-white ; legs and underside of abdomen pale ; forelegs in front rosy tinged.
Exjianse of wings : :i2 mm.
I S from Durban, Natal (G. F. Leigh).
3. Syndromodes delicata spec. nov.
Forewing : pale bluish green ; the costal edge white ; first line curved at one-third ; second sinuous from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, but both marked only by white, sometimes obscure, spots on veins ; traces of a similar snbmarginal line ; cell-spot small, white ; marginal line fine, dark brown, widely interrupted by large white spots at the vein-ends, which are followed by subquadrate grey spots in the pure white fringe.
Iliruhciny : similar, without first line.
Underside uniform pale green ; the costa of forewing whitish.
( 35)
Face and palpi olive-brown; vertex and antennae white; thorax greea ;
abdomen faded, probably greenish ochreons, with fonr white, red-edged dorsal spots- Expanse of wings : 22 mm. 1 ¥ from Durban, Natal (G. F. Leighj. It is possible that this may be the ¥ of S. vimla Warr., but the fringes are
quite different.
Subfamily STERRHINAE. 4. Synelys pudens spec. nov.
Foreioinri : glossy, very pale flesh-colour, the lines slightly deeper ; the outer line marked by minute dark dots on the veins, jirojecting at veins 6 and 4 ; the median shade parallel to it ; the inner line curved, very faint ; submarginal line fine, waved, between two deeper shades ; marginal spots hardly darker between the veins ; fringe glossy ; cell-spot minute.
Ilindiriiir/ : without inner line.
Underside glossy whitish ; the forewing slightly pinkish to median line and black-speckled; the outer and marginal series of spots and the cell-spots black and distinct.
Face and palpi black above, whitish below ; vertex, shoulders, and jjatagia pearl-grey ; collar brown ; abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
1 ¥ from Durban, Natal (G. F. Leigh).
Like <S'. natalica Butler, but smaller and less strongly marked.
Subfamily PALYADINAE. 0. Melinoessa subalbida spec. nov.
Foreioimj : dull fulvous, striated with darker fulvous ; the lines and ocelloid spot exactly as in M. croesaria H.S.
Hindwinc) : similar.
Underside of the S : forewing deep fulvous with darker striae ; ocelloid spot and median line shown ; marginal area bej'ond outer line dark brownish fuscous : hindwing cream-white, with a brownish band from apex to middle of hiiidmargin, and a dark cell-spot. The ? has the forewing paler and the hiudwiug more ochreons.
Expanse of wings : c?, 42 mm. ; ¥ , 44 mm.
4 cf J, 2 ¥ ¥ from Entebbe, Uganda, May l!»OU (Capt. Rattray).
The pale underside of hindwing will separate the species at once.
Subfamily ABRAXINAE.
6. Lomaspilis casta spec. nov.
Forctvimj : creamy white ; a small basal patch with oblique outer edge of mixed chocolate and lilac scales, a narrow suffusion of the same colours extending along costa to bej'oud middle ; a broad submarginal baud, its inner edge sinuous.
( 36)
its outer nearly straight t'roui apex to anal angle, consisting of two thick liinnlate- dentate chocolate-brown lines, alternating with two of lilac scales ; minute brown marginal clots between the veins : a triangular brown blotch of brown and lilac scales on margin between veins 4 and 0, the ajiex touching outer edge of fasciti, the base expanding fanwise across the cream-coloured fringe ; cell-spot black.
Ilituhciiig : similar, but without basal markings ; the patch at middle of hindmargin reduced and not extending into the fringe.
Underside with the markings dull brick-red.
Head and thorax brown and lilac, like basal patch ; abdomen cream-colour ; lower ijart of face paler ; underside of abdomen and legs cream-colour ; forelegs reddish in front.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
1 ? from Shilouvane, Transvaal, November 1'.MJ2 (H. Junod).
Allied to L. batcsi Wlngru.
Subfamily BISTONINAE. '■ Apocheima fiiliginosa sjiec. uov.
Foretciny : smoky blackish with a faint purjilish tinge ; costa black, varied with uchreous ; lines deei> black ; tirst from one-fourth of costa incurved below median towards base of inner margin, the whole basal area deeper black ; outer line from three-fourths of costa, sinuous, bent outwards beyond cell and agaiu less strongly ou snbmedian fold, followed by a slight reddish tinge ; marginal area deejjer black; fringe concclurous ; cell-spot black; a very faint median shade is visible shortly before outer line.
Hhidiving: similar, but without basal line.
Underside paler, more fuscous, with slight striatious ; costa of both wings with black striae.
Head, thorax, and abdomen black, the thcinix and patagia intensely black ; antennal shaft white ; the pectinations fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
1 S from Durban, Natal (U. F. Leigh).
This species has been bred. The ? is apterous, with a short, thick, club- shaped jjrocess only ; legs thick and black ; abdomen peppered black and ochreous.
Subfamily ASCOTINAE.
8. Alcis acutangula sjiec. nov.
ForewiiKj : greyish ochreous ; the ground-colour showing only in the median space, the basal and marginal areas being suffused with pale olive-brownish and thickly sprinkled with dark scales ; lines black, very fine ; first from costa at about one-third, vertical in the main, to the snbmedian fold, there bluntly bent nearly at a right angle and running straight to one-fifth of inner margin, preceded by a diffuse brown shade; outer line from two-thirds of costa, acutely angled outwards on vein 5, then incurved, and below vein 3 lunulate-tleutate to just beyond middle of inner margin, the outward tooth on vein 1 strongly marked, followed by a thick brown shade ; submargiual line pnh, waved, the luuules lillud in with brown,
( 37 )
below costn nnd beyond cell mixed witli l)lnck, nnd followed beyond eell by a, blackish clond ; marginal festoon finely black, swollen into spots between the veins ; a faint brown median shade, visible on costa and inner marsrin.
Ilindwing : similar, without basal line and shade.
Underside grey, speckled with dark ; cell-spots and outer line marked ; a darker subraarginal clond, becoming dense and black towards costa of forewing
Face l)Iack ; vertex, slionlders, and patagia whitisli grey with dark speckles ; abdomen dark grey ; forelegs dark fuscous with pale rings.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
1 ? from Durban, Natal (G. F. Leigh).
Resembles Ectropis iiodirolans Butler, from Japan, but the c?, of which I have lately seen an example, has pectinated antennae.
Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE. 9. Gonodela subcretata spec. nov.
Forewing : blackish with a jjurplish tinge; crossed by four somewhat deeper bands, the first three narrow and waved, basal, median, and outer, vertical but a little outcurved in middle ; the submarginal band is broader, and projects outwards towards hindmargin between veins 4 and 6 ; costa dotted witii pale ; fringe concolorons.
Himhrinfj : witii only three bands.
Underside of forewing in basal half golden yellow above median vein, chalk- white below it, thickly striated with pnrjilish, and with a thick purplish median band ; outer half of wing and fringe deep jiurple ; a small snow-white spot near hindmargin above vein 0 ; hiudwing bluish white, yellow alnng costa at base; an interrupted purple median line and purple marginal border, which below middle is .split up into two bands.
Head, thorax, and abdomen purplish brown ; underside of abdomen, pectus, and legs yellow, the last with purplish flecks.
Expanse of wings : 20 mm.
1 ? from Entebbe, Uganda, July 1900 (Oapt. Rattray).
Distinguished by the underside from G. i-ommi.rtu Wnrr., wliich it resembles above.
SrnFAMii.Y ENNOMINAE.
li». Eurythecodes fimosa spec. nov.
Fin-r>riii<i : dirty brown, coarsely dusted and striated witji darker brown and black: the lines dark brown ; first at one-third bent outwards between subcostal and sulimedian veins ; outer oblique from apex to three-fifths of inner margin, straight to below vein 3, then vertical ; shortly before apex it is joined by an oblique streak from costa ; it is followed in tlio lower half of wing by a deeper brown shade, succeeded by a paler sulimarginal band ; cell-spot black ; fringe (worn) brown.
[liiuhrimj : with the line postmedian, slightly~curved ; cell-spot black.
Underside similar, the striae blacker, the lines obscurely marked.
Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs brown.
( 38 )
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 ? from Moyamba, Sierra Leone, June 1002 (D. Cat or).
II. Hyposidra leprosata sjiec. nov.
Forewing : piilc olive-brown ; the ccsta j^rej-cr, clapjilcd with whitish scales ; lines purplish brown ; first from one-fonrth of costa, bent on subcostal, then obliijue to one-tilth of inner margin, very obscure ; second from beyond middle of costa to middle of inner margin, very sinuous, describing a small outward curve below costa, a large one between 4 and 0, another on snbmedian fold, and a small one on inner margin, each curve preceded by a patch of hoary grey scales ; a strongly zigzag subraarginal line from apex to anal angle, its angles also marked by snnill patches of hoary scales ; an oblique broad brownish shade from middle of inner margin close before outer line fading out before middle of wing ; fringe and apex of wing purplish.
IJiinl/rintj : with all the markings more distinct; the oblique shade antemedian and entire.
Underside dull lilac ; both wiugs with broad olive tawny submarginal tixscia and central line, that in the forewing running from middle of costa to two-thirds of inner margin.
Vertex, shoulders, and basal segments of abdomen grey ; face brown ; thorax, patagia, and abdomen olive-brown, the latter wqth a row of whitish dorsal spots ; legs olive-brown, spotted with grey.
Expanse of wings : 78 mm.
1 ? from Entebbe, Uganda, July 1900 (Capt. Kattray).
12. Mesocoela seriata spec. nov.
Forewing : fawn-colour, s])eckled with leaden grey ; costa cream-colour, with dark spots at the commencement of the lines ; first line scarcely visible, but marked by dark vein-spots ; outer line straight from three-fifths of inner margin to apex, dull pinkish white, edged inwardly by a dark line marked by black vein-.spots and outwardly by a broad olive-grey band ; the inner edge is retracted at vein 7 to the third costal blotch ; the olive-grey outer edge runs into apex, and is bordered beneath above vein 7 by a whitish dash ; from the second costal spot a fine grey line curves outward beyond a linear angulated cell-mark, and coalesces with outer line before inner margin ; fringe olive-brown.
Hindwing : with a thick curved median line and a submarginal series of black spots on veins followed by an obscure pale line ; fringe brown.
Underside coarsely speckled, the hindwing and marginal area of forewing more fulvous ; all the lines of ujiperside repeated.
Face browu, vertex darker ; thorax and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
1 ? from N. Bailundn, Angola, August 1901 (Pemberton).
Metallospora gen. nov.
ForcW/ng : triangular ; costa straight, convex before apex, which is slightly prominent but depressed ; hindmargin faintly sinuate ; anal angle obtnse.
( 39 )
lUnihring : with apex rounded ; anal angle prominent ; hindmargin sliglitlj' curved.
Antennae of S bipectinate to three-fifths, the pectinations stiff and ciliated ; palpi short, nptnrned, not reaching toj) efface ; tongne and frenulnni present ; hind- tibiae thickened, with four spurs ; abdomen apparently with dorsal tufts.
Nenvatiou : forewing, cell half as long as wing ; discocellnlar vertical ; first median nervnle at fonr-fifths, second close to third ; vein 5 from rather above the middle of discocellnlar, (3 from upper end of cell ; 7, 8, 9, stalked from just before end; 10 and 11 coincident; the median vein is curved upwards near base, the membrane below it forming au elongated double fovea-like depression on the underside, the base of cell being also somewhat distorted : hindwing with veins 3 and 7 both before angles of cell, which is quite half as long as wing.
Type : M. catori spec. nov.
The genns is manifestly related to Ilif/tephi/ra Butler, an Eastern genus ; differing in the pectinated antennae and in the distortion of the median vein.
13. Metallospora catori spec nov.
Foreicing : roughly scaled, olive-brown ; the lines darker, but obscure ; first at one-fourth, second at two-fifths, both slightly curved, the latter followed by the large oblong blackish cell-spot ; outer line very indistinct, incurved below middle, and reaching inner margin at two-thirds ; submarginal line irregularly waved and clouded ; the costa, cell-mark, fringe, and all the lines are edged with bluish silvery scales, and the whole wing appears to be more or less sprinkled with the same, but this may be due to wearing, as the single specimen is not in perfect condition ; fringe concolorous.
Hindwing : without first line ; the cell-spot smaller, but deep black.
Underside bright ochraceous ; the markings blackish; these are the second line, the cell-spot, and a diffuse submarginal cloud; in the forewing this is broad and irregular, lying between veins 2 and 0 ; in the hindwiug it forms a narrower band from costa to submedian fold ; costal and hindmargins with a few dark striae.
Head, thorax, and abdomen above olive-brown ; palpi, pectus, legs, and under- side of abdomen ochraceous like underside of wings.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 S from Moyamba, Sierra Leoue, September 1901 (D. Cator).
I have named this species in honour of the collector.
14. Pareclipsis insolita spec. nov.
Forcirinq : grey-brown, with darker speckling ; the lines olive-brown ; first from one-fourth of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, acutely angled on the sub- costal vein ; median line oblique, nea ly straight, passing over the brown cell-spot; outer line at four-fifths, outwardly curved from costa to submedian fold, then vertical, edged on both sides with pale ochreous ; submarginal line deeply dentate- Innulate, paler, the Innnles filled uj) with brownish, those beyond the cell with blackish ; large black marginal sjjots between the veins ; fringe grey-brown with a pale basal line,
(40)
UiiKhnnq : similar, without basal line ; coU-spot brown, beyond the moilian lino. Underside greyish ochreons, densely striated with fuscous ; the lines and cell- spots thick and fnscons.
Head, thorax, and abdomen conccilorous. Expanse of wings : :10 mm. 1 ? from Moyaraba, Sierra Leone (D. Tator). I refer this to Pareclipsis temporarily.
15. Therapis sordida spec. nov.
Fflirwinff : dull ochreons, washed with j)ale olive-fnhons, and densely dusted with black ; hrst line very indistinct, blackish, from one-fourth of costa curved to near base of inner margin ; outer line from fonr-fifths of costa, marked by black dots on veins (i, T, 8, then running as an obliipie black line to one-fonrth of inner margin, continued as a basal line across hindwing ; a .slight linear cell-mark ; submarginal line visible only at the extreme a])ex, where it is followed by a brown apical blotch reaching vein 0 ; fringe olive-brown.
IliiKliciiig : with traces of dark antemedian and postmedian lines, marked mainly by blackish blotches on inner and costal margins, the latter also by some blackish vein-spots.
Underside paler ; both wings with a thick sinuous antemedian line : forewing with brown blotch at apex ; hindwing with outer line marked by vein-spots.
Head, thorax, and abdomen coucolorons ; face and forelegs olive-fuscons.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
1 ? from Kassai Kiver, Congo Free State.
Larger than the type species ci-oinjmaii(i, otherwise resembling it; the discovery of the $ must be waited for to establish its true position.
f 41
NEW THYRIDIDAFj, UBANIIDAE, AND GE03IETBIDAE FROM SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA.
BY \V. WAEEEN, M.A., F.E.S.
Family TflYllTniDAE.
1. Zeuzerodes fasciata spec. nov.
Forcicing : ochroons, covered with brown striae and shadings, which assnine the form of bands parallel to hindmargin ; that along hindmargin itself broader and distinct, dark brown at anal angle, broad and paler brown at apex, where it curves ronnd to costa; it is preceded by a distinct pale fascia, and this again b}' a dark central one which is broader towards costa and angled ontwards beyond cell, containing an ill-defined dark cell-spot ; basal half of wing crossed by three or four indistinct bands, one of which is marked by a blackish dash in the cell ; extreme apex of wing whitish with a few black scales ; fringe reddisli brnwn, with darker mottlings lieyond veins.
Iliriihrimj : with the central and marginal brown bands very distinirt ; the pale intervals with irregnlar lines of lirown striae: fringe with basal half dark brown, apical half paler.
Underside the same, the markings on the whole clearer.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dark brown, the shoulders pale ochreons.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, (!arabaya, S.E. Fern, 6.")00 ft., Dec. 1002, wet season (Ockenden).
Forewing acute, hindmargin very oblique, as long as inner margin ; himlwing triangular with acute apex.
Distingnished from the other s])ecies liy tlie absence of any pale patcli at anal angle of hindwing.
Family URAyilDAE. Subfamily EPIPLEMINAE. 2. Coelura dissocia sjiec. nov.
?. Forewing: grey-brown, covered with faint striae, which are distinct only in the marginal area ; the produced apex and hindmargin narrowly black- brown ; a black-brown line oblique from apex to four-fifths of inner margin, but the line is really retracted close before apex to costa; from two-thirds of costa a straight black-brown line meets the outer line on vein 0 ; a faint dark cell- dot ; the basal line is very obscure, but is strongly curved and bent in cell ; fringe ilark brown with a pale base.
Hindwing : with a distinct doulile postmedian line, curved inwards above middle and obsolescent before costa ; marginal striae pale, mixed with blackisli above anal angle; fringe dark brown with pale base bej'ond a blackisli marginal line.
Underside dull grevish ochreons, striated and snffused with grev brown,
V 42 )
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous.
(?. Witii/s : bone-colonv, spocklwl and striatod witli blackish; lines hardly visible ; nnderside ochreons, yellow towards hindmargins, with distinct short black striae between the veins.
Expanse of wings : 30 ram.
1 J. 1 ? from Palino cue, Paragnay, Miirch (Montforts).
The difference in coloration, bnth above and below, in the two sexes is remarkable ; the S is considerably worn, which may partly acconnt for the obscurity of the markings.
In nenration the S agrees with Coehira omnna Drncp, and not with the tyjie species fraiisi-rrstifa Warr., veins 2, 3, 4 of forewing rising all separate but near together, and veins 3, 4 of hindwiug being stalked ; in the ? the discocellnlar of hindwing is vertical, not oblique, and the cell longer.
3. Erosia veninotata spec. nov.
Foretving : brown, with black speckling and striation ; the lines black, the central area between them slightly darker than the basal and marginal ; first line from one-third of costa to one-third of inner margin, strongly outcurved and projecting on vein 4 ; outer line from before two-thirds of costa to three-fourths of inner margin, curved inwards at first, then fiom subcostal to vein 4 straight and vertical, obliquely curved inwards to vein 'Z, then again oblique outwards ; this line is edged outwardly by a pale ochreons line, and veins 1, 2, 3, are pale ochreons across the darker fascia ; a curve of dark scales before the excision ; an undefined submarginal shade of blackish striae and traces of some dark shading in the basal space ; fringe worn.
Ilindiring : similar, but the inner line is edged inwardly with ochreons, as well as the second outwardly ; the angle of the onter line at vein 4 acute ; costal half of wing above median vein and vein 4 washed with pale chestnnt; the lower lialf of fascia dark brown, followed by a jialer, oclireons, band ; a brown line from upper to lower tooth ; a broad olive-brown line fiom base above median vein to angle of onter line.
Underside ochraceons, somewhat darker and striated with black towards hindmargins.
Face and paljii black-browu ; vertex and thcirax i)ale fawn ; the abdomen darker ; nnderside of abdomen and pectus whitish ; legs ocbraceous and grey.
Expanse of wings : 48 mm.
1 ? froiu Tuis, Costa Hica.
The markings are differently disposed from those of any of the forms that can be referred to incendiata Guen.
Gymnoplocia gen. nov.
Closely resembling T>iradcs, but differing in the following points ; the furrow within the fold of inner luargin of hindwing is qnite bare, showing no trace of a pencil of hair, but instead a short tuft of s])reading hairs rises from the base of the inner margin ; at the base of cell of hindwing is a large hyaline oval space ; costa of hindwing slightly sinnous, without hairs. In the forewing vein 11 is free but upcurved towards 12, witliout, however, anastomosing.
Type : Gymnoplocia paicidens Dogn. (Epiplema).
(43 )
4. Saccoploca excisa ab.(?) nigrosticta nov.
Foreicing : less brown, more wood-colour, than in typical e.rcisa Warr. ; the costa black ; the commencement." of all the lines at costa black-brown, the two brown cross-lines less distinct ; the small dark spots forming the snbmarginal line swollen into black blotches; the costal and marginal regions well sjirinklcil with lustrous blue scales, as in typical cJcJ.
liindiving : without markings except the two brown cross-lines.
Underside paler, and thickly black-speckled ; cell-spot of forewing black.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorous with wings ; face dark brown.
Ex2)ause of wings : 30 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Pern, 6000 ft., .July 1002, dry season (Ockenden).
Smaller than the type form ; the excision beneath apes of forewing is deeper, and the margin below middle of wing concave, not straight. It is not, as at first seemed probable, the dry-season form of excisa, as typical females are to hand, taken at both seasons.
Family GEOMETRIDAE. Subfamily MECOCERATINAE.
5. Hyphedyle divisa spec. nov.
Foretciiiy : white, with a few blackish striae at base of costa ; a broad dull red-brown stripe along middle of wing from base to hindmargin, uniting there with a brown dark-speckled apical patch, the inner edge of which is curved and darker ; fringe brown above vein .3, white below.
Ilindwing : white, with sparse brownish striae at base and along inner margin, and a pale brown line from anal angle to vein 4.
Underside of forewing with the stripe smoky grey striated with brownish ; the apical blotch much mixed with white scales varied with dark fuscous rather coarse striae ; a darker blotch on the curved inner edge and on hindinargin below apex : hindwing white with a few speckles ; the line very faint.
Palpi fuscous ; face and vertex white with grey centre ; thorax mainly fuscous, with a few whitish scales intermixed ; abdomen white, speckled with fuscous towards anus ; legs white, dusted with fuscous and with the joints fuscous- Expanse of wings : 44 mm. 1 c? from Chanchamayo, Pern (Schunke).
Subfamily CYLLOPODINAE.
6. Dioptis vitrifera spec. nov.
Foi-cwing : iridescent hyaline; the costa and inner margin both narrowly black ; a black bar straight from before middle of costa to anal angle, broadest above the middle ; the veins in the basal half of wing blackish ; beyond the bar a broad white space, all but touching costa ami hindmargin : the apex of wing black, narrowing towards anal angle ; fringe black.
Ilindwiny : wholly hyaline ; the veins black ; costal and hindmargins narrowly blackish, thinning out to a jioint at anal angle.
Underside the same,
( -i* )
Head, thorax, abdomen, and legs Ijlac-k ; abdomen beneatli wliitisli ; the head parts are damaged ; there appear to have been some white scales about tlie face and vertex.
Expanse of wings : 38 mm.
1 (3 from Poznzci, Department Hnanuco, Pern (Hoffmanns).
7. Josia radians spec. nov.
Foreifiiitj : brown-black ; costal edge oclireous in basal half, orange at extreme base; a central orange streak from near base, starting fmm sniimedian vein liehnv median, but soon enclosing the median, both edges straiglit, very slightly narrowing to near hindmargin.
I liiidiriiiii : with the orange streak broader; its npper edge quite straight, its lower convex from base to origin of veins 3 and 4, where the streak is constricted and becomes narrower, with both edges paralhd ; inner margin and fringe orange.
Underside with both streaks much broader, in the forewing including the cell; costal edge of both wings orange.
Palpi black, yellow beneath ; face, sides of vertex, l)a<e of shoulders, some hairs at sides of raetathorax, and lateral stripes of abdomen orangi- ; centre of vertex, thorax, abdomen, and antemiae Mack : abdomen ludnw with .-i wliitish streak.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 (? from Onaca, Sta. Martha, 2','ii("j ft, wet season, September— October lOul (Engelke).
Nearest to ./. fii><tidii Warr., from ( 'himbo.
,SiTni-.\Mii.Y GEOJIETRINAE. N. Mixocera torsilinea spec. nov.
Forewinc) : delicate pale green ; costal edge snow-white, edged beneath with rufous ; the lines brown, very fine, and deeply contorted, so that they appear at first sight double ; first close to base, darker dotted on veins and strongly incnrvi'<l between them ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to middle of inner margin, acutely dentate outwards on veins and inwards between them ; a large round brown cell-spot; a brown spot close to base of costa ; a dark marginal line interrupted at the veins ; fringe wjiite at base, rnfous-finged beyond.
IIi)i(liriiiii : without first line ; cell-spot large; hindmargin lilnntly angled.
Underside pale green, with cell-spots and marginal spots brown ; costa of fore- wing yellowish ; fringes pale.
Palpi externally fuscous, internally white ; f\xcc olive (perhaps faded) ; fillet and antennae white ; ])atagia deej) green ; thorax and abdomen pale green : dorsum with a large black spot on basal segment and smaller one on third ; foretibiae fuscous, ringed with white; fore and middle knees fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 2i\ mm.
1 S from Palino cnC', Paraguay, February (Montforts).
The antennae of the S are armed with short j)ale fascicles ol cilia, not pi'cti- nated ; the palpi are short and thick, with the terminal joint (juite siuall, very different from the slender j>alpi, with long terminal segment, of llnchcoxpilo.
( 45 )
9. Oospila depressa spec. nov.
Forewiny : dull gi'eeii ; costal edge ochreous, with a few speckles ; two large blotches of flesh-coloured ochreous striated with purplish and broadly edged with the same colour; ouo at apex, subquadrate, reaching veiu 4; the other oblong at anal angle, occupying outer tliree-tifths of inner margin, its upper edge flat, reaching vein 'Z ou bindmargin and slightly curved above that vein towards its end ; a marginal purple line ; fringe ochreous, che.piered with jmrplish beyou<l veins ; cell-spot small, black.
IliiidiciiK/ : with a lengthened ajiical blotch reaching from middle of costa to vein 4, its inner edge sinuate, indented ou vein (5; anal patch small, reaching vein 2; a raised white cell-spot at ujiper end of discocellular.
Underside pale whitish green, the blotches showing through ; costa of forewing yellowish.
Face and palpi dull red-brown ; vertex white : tliorax green ; abdomen ochreous pink ; the dorsum with red-brown crests.
Expanse of wings : 35 to 40 mm.
3 ¥ ? from Tuis, Costa Rica.
Hmaller than the allied species ; distinguished by the flattened anal blotch of forewing, and the wide green interval reaching to marginal line between the two pale blotches.
10. Racheospila megastigma spec. nov.
Fureiriiig : semihyaline green; the costal area diff'usely and irregularly red- brown, before the middle emitting from the lower edge a blunt projection to median vein inclosing the discocellular sjiot, as in A', de pen dens Warr., and at three-fourths an outwardly directed tooth on vein 0 ; the costal edge narrowly white; hindmargin red-brown, swollen into a bilobed projection between 4 and 6, and gradually broadening again from veiu 3 to anal blotch ; along the margin this red-brown is preceded by a yellowish tint ; fringe (worn) brownish.
llindiclnq : with a broad red-brown marginal border, narrowed from 3 to 4, running up narrowly along inner margin nearly to base ; cell-spot large, red-brown.
Underside iridescent whitish green, the dark tints showing through.
Face and palpi ros3'-red above, pale greenish below ; fillet and antennae snow- white ; vertex red-brown ; thorax green ; abdnmen red-brown, with snow-white dorsal spots (in each segment ; legs and underside of abdomen pale greenish.
Exjjause of wings : 20 mm.
1 ? from Tuis, L'osta Rica.
The species is intermediate between R. dependeHS Warr. and 11. bidentifera Warr.
Subfamily STERRHINAE. 11. Anisodes ruficosta siiec. nov. Foreiciiaj : ochreous, with neat reddish striations ; the shades accompanying the lines greyish brown and dift'nse, imparting a general grey tint to tlie whole wing ; costal streak retldish brown, the costal edge marked by black dashes at the commencement of the lines; the subcostal vein dull red; first line marked by six black spots, three in the intervals as well as on the veins ; outer line at three- fourths, distinctly marked on the veins ; a small dark cell-spot followed by a
(4(J )
cloudy median shade ; submarginal line pale, obscurely indicated by dark shades, close to margin ; a row of dark marginal spots ; fringe ochreons, mottled with reddish brown beyond veins.
Himhcing : similar, bnt the cell-spot a white oval with dark edge.
Underside of forewing dull rosy, of hiudwing straw-colour, rosy-tinged ; all the markings darker rosy.
Face dark brown, paler below ; vertex and shaft of antennae ochreons white ; thorax reddish brown, tips of shoulders blackish ; abdomen like wings ; mouth parts damaged.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
1 $ from Bartica, British Guiana, June 1901.
Hindtibia with terminal spurs only.
12. Emmiltis malepicta spec. nov.
Foreicing : dirty bone-colour, with a few black speckles ; costal area and lines very pale brownish ; the first line curved, at one-third ; median and outer parallel to hindmargin, the median from costa at two-thirds, the outer at four-fifths, the latter alone marked by black dashes on veins, that on vein 6 projecting a little outwards ; submarginal line pale between two slight shades ; fringe paler, with very concise black spots at the base beyond the ends of the veins ; cell-spot small, dark.
Hindioimj : similar, without first line.
Underside paler and clearer, without speckling ; forewing as far as median line, excei't along inner margin, testaceous grey ; cell-spots and outer lines blackish and distinct.
Thorax and abdomen like wings, the latter with a few dorsal dark specks; collar brown ; face and palpi blackish ; vertex and antennal shaft pale ochreons.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
2 (?<? from R. Colorado, Peru, October 19U2 (Watkins).
13. Haemalea grisescens spec. nov.
Forewing : pearl-grey, with a slight violet tinge and finely sjieckled with blackish ; the costa purplish fuscous ; the lines brown, wavy ; first and second nearly vertical at one-third and two-thirds of inner margin ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to four-fifths of inner margin, bluntly projecting above vein 4 and below vein 6 ; submarginal line macular, indistinct, close to hindmargin ; black marginal lunules between veins ; fringe rnfous grey ; cell-sjiot dark brown.
IJindwing : similar, but without basal line ; the cell-spot in a pale space.
Underside glossy whitish, discoloured towards costa of forewing; cell-spots outer, and marginal lines marked.
Face, palpi, vertex, and shoulders dark brown, the tips of shoulders almost metallic ; thorax and abdomen like wings ; last two segments of abdomen white with brown rings ; fillet and base of antennae snow-white ; abdomen beneath and legs whitish ; forelegs fuscous in front.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
1 (J from Palcazu, Juniu Uepartmeut, Peru (Sedlmayr).
(47 )
.Subfamily HYDRIOMENINAE. 14. Anapalta nivesecta spec. nov.
Forciciiiy : greenish ocbreuus (probably pale greenish when fresh), crossed by numerons olive-fuscous lines ; these are placed almost exactly as in A. subpulckrata Warr. {Epirrho'i') from Bolivia (cf. Nok. Zool. vii. p. 17.5), from which the present species differs in having the middle of the dark central fascia occupied by a white blotch extending from costa to inner margin, or to vein 1, its edges rnnning parallel to the lines of the outer band, and containing the black cell-spot ; the submargiual line is swollen into a white spot between veins 3 and 4, and sometimes also between 2 and 3. In all other respects the sjiecies are alike, but on the underside nkesccta is more ochreous, with less green.
Expanse of wings : 40 mm.
2 SS from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, G50U ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
This may very likely be an aberration (or a local form) of A. sabpalchrata ; but as that is from Bolivia and the present form only from S.E. Peru, I have preferred to describe it as distinct. Grunmta Feld., batis Warr., aud iiiveigutta Schaus probably stand in a similar relation to embcrizata Guen.
15. Hammaptera dispansa spec. nov.
Forewiiiy : greyish olive-green, slightly speckled ; the Hues fuscous and blackish ; basal patch narrow, limited by two or three dark lines forming a band ; the pale band beyond traversed by two or three liues of dark scales ; inner band of central fascia at one-third, formed of three dark lines filled in with darker olive, the inner nearly straight, the outer angled outward, on median vein and running out along inner margin as a black point ; outer band of three liues, the two inner parallel to each other, angled slightly at vein 6 and more prominently at vein 4, insinuate in submedian interval, the outermost line running widely outwards to vein 4, tiien incurved ; submargiual line irregular and obscure, but preceded by a brown blotch marked with three black lines on costa, by a smaller blotch beyond cell, and a slight shade at anal angle ; marginal line of interrupted black dashes ; fringe greenish, chequered with dark beyond veins.
Hiiidwing : smoky fuscous ; the hindmargin and fringe paler, greenish.
Underside dirty ochreous-greenish, with traces of a band of three obscure 'dark lines and a dusky marginal border, interrupted at middle.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dull greenish mottled with fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 ? from Onaca, Sta. Martha, 22U0 ft., September, October lUOl, wet season (Engelke).
Nearest to strenuaria Wlk.
If). Hammaptera fumida spec. nov.
Forewiiic) : pale grey, overlaid with darker olive-grey ; the liues dark grey ; central fascia with the inner edge well curved aud slightly wavy, from oue-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin, the outer edge from beyond middle of costa
( 48 )
running nearly straight and oblique outwards to below vein 4, forming a prominent tooth bftweeti 3 and 4, then oblir|ne inwards to two-thirds of inner margin, the oblique upper half blackish ; the fascia is tilled up with olive-grey, and contains two fiuer lines and the cell-spot ; bands on either side pale, with a dark waved middle line; submargiual line pale, waved, the teeth followed by dark wedge- shaped marks to margin ; pairs of rather large dark spots at the vein-ends ; fringe pale grev ; basal area in the unique specimen ochreons, but this apjiears the result of a stain, and the natural tint was probably grey.
llhxiirinq : smoky olive-fuscous, darker along bindmargin beyond a ]ialer snbniarginal band : fringe olive-grey, the inner margin dark grey.
Underside smoky grey: marginal bands blackish grey beyond a jialcr band; cell-spots black ; no pale spots at apex or along margin.
Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-grey ; inner edge of patagia blackish ; dorsum smoky dark grey, with base and anal tufts pale.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 (? from Chanchamayo, Peru (Schunke).
The inner margin of hindwing is short and the anal angle truncated. In the shape of outer edge of central fascia of forewing it agrees with //. )ii//i/l/iieata Warr. from Paraguay.
IT. Hypolepis fulva spec. nov.
Forewhuf : greyish ochreous, tinged with bright fulvous; the basal iiatch, central fascia, and marginal Innules olive-fuscous ; basal patch small, dark on costa and broader, narrowed close to base on iuner margin, edged witii paler ; central fascia obli(iuely sinuous, with creuulate edges, broadly interrupted by fulvous along the median vein, and indented in cell on its inner edge ; above the middle wholly dark, below sprinkled with whitish ; both edges margined with a pale brown-edged line ; marginal lunulcs obscure, but edged inwardly with paler, the ends of the veins broadly fulvous ; fringe mottled olive and fulvous.
lUndwhig : greyish ochreons, with traces of dark central line ; fringe spotted with dark.
Underside of forewing dark grey ; the veins and a subcostal streak bright fulvous ; the grey intervals towards apex dappled with ochreous and dark grey ; hindwing whitish striated with fuscous ; cell-spot and interrupted outer line blackish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen fulvous : antennae dark fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 'M mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Clarabaya, S.E. Peru, iJbW ft., October l'JU2, dry season (Ockeuden).
18. Hypolepis fuscata spec. nov.
Forewhui : olive-brown, with dark fuscous suffusion ; costa tinely dotted ochreous anil brown ; the central fascia bordered by two nearly straight pale ochreous bands, starting from subcostal vein, the first at one-third, the second from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, slightly curving inwards ; a pale spot above origin of vein 4 just beneath the dark cell-spot; basal patch edged by a darker line slightly bordered with pale ; a pale oblique streak from
(40 )
apex, striated with olive, reappearing agaiu at vein 4, but interrupted between by a large fuscous margiual triangular patch ; fringe chequered, olive-browu and ochreons.
IlindiriiKj : dark brownish fuscous, without markings.
Underside of forewiug pale lilac-grey ; a broad costal streak and the veins towards apex orange ; a pale oclireous streak from apex with brown striae, pre- ceded by two darker brown patches : liindwing cream-colour, speckled with brown, the upper veins yellow ; a brownish cell-spot and traces of two interrupted lines.
Palpi pale olive-brown ; face brown ; vertex and collar ochreous ; shoulders and patagia dark brown, their tips ochreous ; abdomen brown with pale rings ; abdomen beneath and tuft ochreous ; legs ochreous mottled with dark brown.
Expanse of wings : 22 mm.
1 <S from Rio Colorado, Peru, October 1902 (Watkius).
19. Hypolepis tripartita spec. nov.
Psiil/odes tripartita Warr., Nuv. Zuol. xi. p. 72, ? .
The S of this species, which I have lately been able to examine, has the tuft of hair on the underside of the abdomen characteristic of Hypolepis, to which genus it must be transferred.
20. Orthoprora albiplaga spec. nov.
Forew'uKj : reddish brown, this colour restricted to basal third ami the hindmargiu at a2)ex and anal angle, tlie rest of the wing occujiied by a dull white cloud obliterating all markings, but containing a double blackish spot on costa, indicating origin of an outer lino, and a slight spot on discocellular followed by a faint ochreons cloud ; along the costa the white is dusted with grey scales ; subcostal vein from base reddish fulvous, and a narrow streak of the same colour along inner margin nearly to anal angle ; a small grey space at base on inner margin, followed by a double pale line, which below the submedian vein becomes white and curves round as a whitish streak to join the large white area ; a faintly paler submarginal waved line is visible in the dark apical and anal areas ; dark marginal dashes ; fringe brown, with tine pale dashes at veins.
liindwing : pale slaty-grej', the fringe darker.
Underside very pale slaty -grey, darker along margins ; cell-spots dark in both wings.
Head and thorax brownish fuscous ; abdomen cinereous ; shoulders and tijis of palpi pale.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, OOOO ft., July 1'.mi2, di-y season (Ockenden).
21. Orthoprora balteata spec. nov.
ForewiiKj : dull vinous, somewhat mixed with greenish; the lines and shades blackish ; [across the wing in the centre of the central fascia a pale green band runs' parallel to hindmargiu, much as in the Palaearctic genus Gonanticlea Swinii. On each side of this band arc three bhickisli lines, the intervals tilled up witii
4
( 50)
vinous, and blackish-tinged in the cell ; the outermost of the outer three, forming the edge of the central fascia, strongly dentate outwards, the inward teeth on the veins black and thick, the whole finely edged with greenish and followed by two obscure waved dark lines ; submarginal line close to margin interrupted, pale, preceded beyond cell by a triangular velvety blackish blotch, the oblique upper edge of which runs into apex ; the space above and below it paler, pinkish-brown ; a black marginal line interrupted by the pale veins ; fringe greenish ; basal patch small, dark vinous edged with blackish ; space between it and central fascia broader on costa than on inner margin, curved outwards in middle and edged with black at costa and inner margin.
Hindwing : uniform smoky fuscous, the hindmargin deeper, the fringe paler.
Underside of both wings dull fuscous, with the markings indistinctly darker ; cell-spots black.
Head, palpi, and thorax fuscous and rufous ; collar rufous ochreous ; abdomen cinereous fuscous; metathoracic tuft vinous black.
Expanse of wings : 32 mm.
1 (? from Santo Domingo, (Jarabaya, S.E. Peru, November 19U2, wet season (Ockenden).
22. Psaliodes brachiata spec. nov.
Forewing : ochreous with a slight yellowish tint ; the markings dark olive ; a basal patch, interrupted on inner margin, its hindmargin rounded ; central fascia with its inner edge straiglit and oblique at two-fifths, its outer irregularly waved, uniting below middle with the central part of submarginal band and that with tiie subapical triangle ; a dark blotch on costa and diffuse cloud at anal angle indicate the ends of the submarginal band ; fringe ochreous and olive ; the broad Y-shaped band between basal patch and central fascia on the costa is marked with a brown cloud.
llindwituj : dark grey, with central line of underside showing through ; fringe paler, chequered with dark.
Underside of forewing dark grey, with a yellowish patch from apex and on hindmargin ; hindwing yellow with dark central line and strigae on costa.
Head and thorax ochreous ; sides of shoulders and patagia olive-brown ; abdomen missing.
Expanse of wings ; 17 mm.
1 6 from Santo Domingo, (.'arabaya, S.E. Pern, (35uO ft., October 10ti2, dry season (Ockenden).
23. Psaliodes dislocata spec. nov.
Poreicinq : dark brown, along the costa finely speckled with yellow : basal area traversed at middle by a sinuous white line ; a pale inwardly oblique band at one-third, separating basal area Irom central fascia, not reaching above subcostal vein ; its edges are silvery white, its centre but}', finely bordered with brown scales, and on it lies the black cell-spot ; outer line silvery white, double, from vein ~ to 4 bracket-shaped and vertical with some yellowish scales lietween the two arms, joined externally at vein o by a slightly zigzag white submarginal line, which runs obliquely inwards to vein 5, then outwards to hindmargin at vein 4, on which it forms a white arrowhead with a vellow dash on the vein at its centre ; all three
( 51 )
lines are interrupted between veins 4 and 2 by the brown ground-colour, reappearing as three parallel white lines acntel}' angled basewards on the snbmedian fold, separated by yellow, brown-edged lines ; fringe distinctly chequered, dark brown and buff ; in the basal patch on the median vein is an elongated dash of buff scales.
llindiving : dark fuscous, pale along costal edge; cell-spot darker; a slight dark central line ; fringe yellow chequered with black.
Underside of forewing dull cinereous ; subccstal area and three subapical veins orange-yellow, peppered with grey and white ; the three approximated white lines beyond cell well marked : Lindwing white with iron-grey striations ; cell-spot, median and outer lines dark grey, mixed with yellow scales ; the costal edge yellow ; fringe as above.
Head and thorax olive-brown with an admixture of [laler scales ; palpi ochreous, dusted with olive-brown ; abdomen fuscous ; legs and antennae mottled, fuscous and pale ochreous.
The ? is paler throughout, the brown being more broken up by pale scales, esjiecially along the veins.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 cJ, 2 ? ?, from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru; the ? ? dated July 1902, dry season, 6000 ft., the c? December 1902, wet season, 0500 ft. (Ockeuden).
Allied to Usera a,ud Jracti/ascia Dogn., and to nodosa amA fractilinea Warr.
Subfamily ASTHENINAE. 24. Amaurinia coerulea spec. nov.
? . Forewiny : pale blue-green, with slightly darker green cross-bands ; the central area edged by darker green lines and crossed by two others, and so appearing somewhat darker ; marginal area with three pale and dark bands alternately ; the pale line of ground-colour edging central fascia alone distinct ; an obscure dark cell-spot ; marginal line fine, dull purple ; fringe white ; costa slightly mottled dark and light.
tlindiviny : similar.
Underside paler, with the darker lines obscurely expressed ; costa of forewing slightly discoloured.
Thorax and abdomen like wings ; vertex and foce darker, olive-green ; fillet and base of antennae white.
The <S is somewhat darker, more greyish green.
Expanse of wings : c? 28 mm. ; ? 30 mm.
1 c?, 3 ? ?, from Tucuman, Argentina, May 1002 (Uinelli).
25. Cambogia trillista sjiec, nov.
Forewing .' pale ochreous overlaid with light brownish olive : the lines vinous; four antemedian, obscure, being lost in the denser tinting of the base, one close to base, one just before the vinous cell-spot, and two between them ; a postmediaii baud Ibrmed of three vinous lines, the inner one regularly lunulate-dentate, the outer bluntly angled on veins 4 and 6 and thickened between ; two lunulate submarginal lines, of which the inner has the ends of the lunulos thickened into spots i from the postmedian band two vinous streaks run into the fringe, one
( 52 )
along vein 4, tlie otlier between veins 7 and 8; fringe chequered with vinous beyond veins and with a very fine basal line.
Hiiidtving : with two obscure lines near base, followed by the vinous cell-spot ; the postmediau band distinct on inner margin, obsolescent at costa ; three confused snbmarginal lines ; the whole hindwing is paler, except along hiudmargin.
Underside pale ochreoiis, with all the lines vinous and distinct ; base of forewing suffused with vinous.
Head, thorax, and abdomen olive-tinged ochreous ; fillet and antennal shaft paler ; praeanal segments of abdomen red, continuing the postmediau fascia of hindwings.
Expanse of wings : 17 mm.
1 <J from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, fioOD ft., October 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
SuBi-AMiLY TEPHROCLYSTIINAE. 'M. Tephroclystia cuneilineata s]iec. nov.
Foicicini/ : basal area dull orange edged by a straight oblique line from one-fourth of costa to one-third of inner margin ; the middle of the wing greyi thickly powdered with black ; marginal area occupied by four deeply lunulate dark lines with ])ale intervals ; fringe chequered darker and lighter grey, the base darker througliout.
Ilimhcimj : with the inner margin dull orange, the base and costal area whiter ; the rest as in forewing ; a black marginal line ; fringe at anal angle orange.
Underside lilac-grey, powdery ; the lines of outer area indistinctly expressed ; base diffusely orange-tinged ; cell-spots dark ou both wings.
Head, thorax, and abdomen all dull orange ; legs fuscous, dotted with paler.
Expanse of wings : 24 mm.
1 (J, 1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, OoUO ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
A very distinct species.
Subfamily HETERUSIINAE. 27. Cerynia cupreata sj)ec. nov.
Forewing : bright orange-red ; the l)ase narrowly black, "widening towards inner margin ; costal edge black ; the apex broadly, the hiudmargin narrowly black from middle to anal angle, the inner edge well curved; a black curved })ostmediiUi line at two-thirds, thick from costa to middle, then almost obsolete ; fringe black.
UiniliciiH/ : black, with a broad snbmarginal crescent orange-red.
Underside of forewing as above, but the costal edge between the line &ud marginal band whitLsh ; hindwing with the black areas mixed with whitish scales.
Head, thorax, and abdomen deep black ; hairs of the face and palpi mixed with orange.
Expanse of wings : 18 mm.
1 c? from Pacapampa, near Hecuag, Peru, 3500 m., December 1899, wet season (Simons).
(53 )
28. Cerynia pamphilata spec. nov.
Fore wing : bright reddish orange; the base, inner margin, costal edge, a enrved line jnst beyond middle, and the hindmargin black ; this last band is broad at ape.x, and narrows off to a })oiut at anal angle ; fringe worn, black.
Hindwing : like forewiug ; basal black area larger.
Underside much paler, fnlvons ; basal patch, costal streak, and marginal band olive-grej', the cross line witli a few black scales ; hindwing with all the dark areas of npperside olive-grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen deep black, with a few pale scales intermixed.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
1 ? from Huamachiico, Peru, 3200 m., November 1899, dry interval (Simons).
20. Heterusia ovaliplaga spec. nov.
Foreicing : dull black, paler towards base ; costa at extreme base and costal- edge at middle red ; from below one-third of costa an oblique whitish streak to lower end of cell, widening downwards, and towards costa clouded with brown scales, separated by the black median vein from a long oval white blotch lying between veins 2 and 3; below three-fourths of costa a slight white mark ; fringe black, slightly speckled with white in upper half.
nindicing : white, with broad black border from half of costa to anal angle ; a small dark cell-spot at top end of discocellular ; fringe black chequered with white between veins 3 and 0 ; base of wing narrowly black.
Underside of forewing ruddy brown, with bluish white scales at base, and varied with black scales along costa and at apex, wholly black at anal angle, embracing the oval white blotch, which is larger than above ; the white streak at one-third and the white spot at three-fourths both broader and running to costal edge ; hindwing with the border browner and specked with yellow scales, at anal angle with a round patch edged by bluish scales.
Head and thorax brown-black, varied with red scales ; abdomen blackish sprinkled with bluish white scales along the sides and white beneath ; anal tuft with some red scales.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 cJ from Pozuzo, Department Haanuco, Peru (Hoft'manns).
Belongs to the group including columbi Th. Mg., and conoii, etc.
Subfamily DEILINIINAE.
30. Lomographa extremata spec. nov.
Forewing : glossy white, very sparsely dusted with purplish atoms, except towards hindmargin, where they are denser, forming a faint submarginal band ; the margin itself narrowly tinged with purplish throughout; two grey transverse lines, the inner at two-fifths, erect from inner margin, but not reaching costa, the onte: at two-thirds, parallel to hindmargin; costa ochraceous ; fringe juirplish ; jiiavginal linn fine, interrupted.
(54)
Tlimhcing : with small black cell-sjiot ami outer curved line : no marginal shade.
Underside of both wings and fringes white ; costa of forewing yellowish.
Face, palpi, and antennae brown ; vertex, tliorax, abdomen, and base of antennae white.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
2 c? (J from Chanchamayo, Pern (Schunke).
Nearest /,. nubima/i/o Warr., Imt without the black blotch of nnderside.
Subfamily PALYADINAE. :^1. Aplogompha laeta spec. nov.
Forewing : bright yellow, with the brown streaks restricted to the costal area; the dark marginal area mnch broken up, limited inwardly by two irregularly sinnons brown streaks, not touching one another ; apical and marginal areas fulvous ; a large yellow blotch before middle of hindmargin ; fringe fulvous with grey tips ; the metallic spots as in lafai/i Dogn.
Ilimhnng : wholly yellow ; a few brown striae on inner margin only ; the snbmarginal row of metallic spots and marginal metallic line as in l(i/ai/i ; fringe pale fulvous.
Underside paler, with all the markings deep brown.
Head, thorax, and abdomen yellow, spotted with brown ; the abdomen with brown segmental rings.
Expanse of wings : 19 mm.
1 (? from Chanchamayo, Pern (Schunke).
Smaller and much brighter than typical hifayi \ I have seen several other examples, all from (!Lanchamayo ; if not a distinct species, it is, at least, a jiersistent local form, differing as much iu one direction from laj'ni/i as oppletaria Warr. (= tjerma Dogn.) does in the other.
Cirrhosoma gen. nov.
Forewing: triangular; costa straight; hindmargin straight, hardly oblique; inner margin straight.
Hind icing : kite-shaped, the angle at vein 4 blunt, the hindmargin faintly indented between veins 6 and 7.
Palpi short, blunt ; antennae of i ciliated ; tongue and frenulum present ; antepenultimate segment of abdomen with large lateral tufts of hair.
Neuration : forewing, cell half as long as wing ; discocellular slightly oUique, very fine ; first median nervule at two-thirds, second close before third ; radials normal; 7, 8, 9, stalked; 10 and 11 coincident; hindwing, costal bent dciwn and closely approximated to subcostal for half of cell, G and 7 divergent ; no radial.
Tyjic : Cirrlio.'<oma translucida spec. nov.
The genus is allied to Berberoiles Gnen. and Bailantiophora Butler, but in this case the abdomen, and not the wing, is tufted.
( 55 )
32. Cirrhosoma translucida spec, nov,
Forewinq : g)oss\' white, semi-transfiarent ; costa gilded and specl<Ied with purplish ; very faint traces of an outer line parallel to hiudmurgin, the marjjiual area with faint brownish striae ; fringe white.
Hinclwhi(/ : with traces of two lines, median and postmedian ; the marginal striae plainer.
Dudertidc all white ; the costa of forewing gilded yellow.
Face, vertex, and palpi deep brown ; thorax and abdomen white ; tufts of abdomen white ; legs white ; forelegs in front brownish.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 cJ from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Pern (Ockenden).
33. Ophthalmophora humilis spec. nov.
Forewimj : fawn-grey ; the inner margin from one-third to anal angle yellowish white, the streak pointed towards base and reaching vein 2 at the margin ; a pale mark on discocellular ; a curved diffuse pale streak from two-thirds of costa to end of vein 2 ; fringe concolorous.
Ilindwinq : with a pale yellowish-white oblique band near base, edged below with buff, and widening to middle of costa ; a broad bluish metallic streak before hindmargin, curving down from beyond middle of costa to vein 6 ; the marginal area beyond it buff; two embossed ocelli in disc, one between veins 6 and 7, the other nearer hindmargin between 4 and 6, their disc brassy on a velvety black ground [ringed with ochreons ; the inner marginal area peppered with dark and light scales ; fringe pale ochreous.
Underside whitish grey, the forewing with costa and hindmargin darker.
Face, palpi, vertex, and antennae brownish grey; thorax and abdomen pale grey.
Exjjanse of wings : 28 mm.
1 $ from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, CoUO ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
34. Opisthoxia argenticincta spec. nov.
Foreicint/ : chestnut red; a broad costal streak, the inner margin from anal angle to one-third from base, the discocellular, and the fringe silvery white ; costal edge yellowish.
Hindwing : with a broad oblique fascia near base, the inner margin and the fringes silvery white ; a fine interrupted metallic line close to hindmargin, curving round at costa to vein 0, where it is followed by a small round embossed spot of raised metallic scales edged finely, first with black, and then again with yellow.
Underside of forewing greyish white, diffusely darker along hindmargin ; of hindwing white with a very narrow dark margin ; fringes white.
Head and palpi brownish grey, the vertex paler ; shoulders silvery white ; thorax and basal segments of abdomen chestnut red ; rest of abdomen cinereous, separated by a white bar ; abdomen below, pectus, and legs white.
Exjjause of wings : 41 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Pern, 6500 ft., August 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
l{eferred to Opist/toj.-i(i provisionally, in the absence of the cj.
(56)
SuRFAMiLT ABRAXINAE. 3.'). Panthera semiconfluens spec nov.
Foreiring : pale yellow, as iu P. conylomeratu Warr., with a slight olive tinge ; all the margiual sjiots couflucnt, sometimes eutirely, sometimes with small interspaces of yellow.
Il/nduiiiq : uniformly pale yellow ; the ajpical spot always lengthened along costa and confluent with the two margiual blotches below it.
Head and tliorax grey ; base of patagia and centre of thorax pale yellow ; abdomen grey with segmental rings yellow ; sometimes more or less yellow with dark grey blotches, the last two segments always dark grey.
Expanse of wings : -IS — 52 mm.
10 examples, all ? ?, from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, iS.E. Peru, 05im) ft., July and August 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
Nearest to P. conglomerata Warr. from Ecuador, which has all the spots much darker.
Subfamily NEPHODIINAE.
36. Hyalopola marginata spec nov.
Foreicing : white, semi-transparent ; costal area above subcostal vein, hind- margin and fringe, and the apex broadly slaty grey ; veins ])lainly darker ; a grey band from costa before middle to middle of inner margin, where it forms a broad cloud, the upper part more or less obsolete.
llindiving : with costal area paler grey, the hindmargin and apex as in fore- wing ; fringe of inner margin in both wings grey. In the dark marginal area of both wings appears a faint waved paler snbmargiual cloud.
Underside with costal and marginal areas all smoky black ; no trace of transverse shade on forewinsj.
Head and antennae blackish ; thorax and abdomen grey, the latter darker ; abdomen beneath whitish, with a central dark line ; pectus and femora whitish ; tibiae and tarsi black.
Expanse of wings : 50 mm.
1 c? from R. Colorado, Pern, October 1902 (Watkins).
37. Myrmecophantes assimilis spec nov.
Very near to M. fl>/tiri Druce, differing as follows : the underside of hindwing is without the white snbmarginal band ; the inner margin of the same wings is white, edged by a brown streak along the submedian fold ; the brown streak along the cell-fold beyond cell is not continued through cell to base of wing.
The face is black, edged laterally and below with white.
Expanse of wings : 56 mm.
1 J from Pozuzo, Department Huanuco, Peru (Hoffmanns).
38. Nipteria directa si)ec nov.
Fffrewing : very pale brownish-grey, slightly darker along costa, and more broadly at apex and middle of hindmargin ; the costa and apex with obscure dark striae ; a dark linear cell-mark on upper half of discocellular : a fine curved brown
( 57 )
line from one-fonrth of costa, where it is black, to oue-third of inner margin ; enter line thick, distinct, qnite straight, from fonr-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; fringe dark grey.
HiiiJwim/ : with slight cell-spot and fine onter Hue cnrvcd parallel to liind- iiiargin, bnt obsolescent towards costa.
Underside of forewing with costal and apical areas browner, densely striated with fuscous ; the two lines of n])per surface visible by transparence, bnt beyond outer line a short curved black line to vein 4, starting from a blaclc costal spot : hindwing almost covered with thick olive-fuscous coalescent striae ; a dark cell-spot and dark curved outer line, nearer hindmargin than on upperside.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dull smoky grey, the last with blackish rings ; legs and antennae blackish.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, 6000 ft., July 1902, dry season (Oekenden).
39. Nipteria dispansa ab. infiarcata nov.
Like the type form of dispansa Warr., bnt the oujter line is quite simply curved from three-fifths of inner margin to costa shortly before apex, without any traces of the furcation towards costa with the dark suffusion between the two branches which is so conspicuous in dispansa. It seems probable that the present will prove to be the more ordinary form, the original type representing a dark abnormality.
2 iS from Rio Colorado, Peru, October 1902 (Watkins).
411. Nipteria elongaria spec. nov.
Foretving : pale creamy-grey ; a fuscous lunule on discocellnlar ; costa fuscous at base, with a darker subquadrate blotch at one-third, indicating the commencement of inner line ; costa beyond paler ; a larger blotch at two-thirds, from which a fine dentatc-lunulate line runs outwardly to vein 4, then parallel to hindmargin, hardly visible above, but plain below ; apex and hindmargin slightly darker grey ; fringe fuscous.
Hindwing : with grey cell-sj)ot, and pale fringe, finely chequered with dark beyond veins.
Underside with all the markings clear; a brown triangular cloud on hind- margin from apex to anal angle ; a smaller cloud on costa before apex ; the two separated by an oblique pale streak from apex : hindwing dappled light and dark grey, darker in basal two-thirds ; a round pale spot at base of cell ; dark cell-spot, and outcurved postmedian line; inner margin whitish.
Face and palpi brown ; antennae black ; vertex, centre of shoulders and patagia cream-white ; patagia laterally brownish ; abdomen grey with dark rings.
Expanse of wings : 58 mm.
1 S from Chanchamayo, Peru (Schunke).
A sjiecies of distinct appearance, with long narrow wings.
41. Nipteria fumosata spec. nov.
Forewing : smoky grey-brown, darker along hindmargin ; costal area dull whitish with a few grey striae ; a black streak at base, and two short curved black
( 58 )
streaks at two-fifths and two-thirds, between which at eqnal distances lies the bhackish cell-spot : the streaks stop short in cell and on vein 5 respectively, and from their ends two very fine dark lines can be traced to inner margin mnning parallel to hindmavgin ; fringe pale mottled with blackish at veins.
Hiiidwiiig : with cloudy black cell-spot and dark curved postmedian line, edged with paler ; marginal line dark ; fringe as in forewing.
Underside brighter, the markings clearer ; a blackish cloud before hindmargin between veins 4 and 0 ; costal markings as above : hindwing as above, but covered with distinct fuscous striae.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dull mouse-grey, shoulders and patagia darker, legs and antennae blackish.
Expanse of wings ; 37 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Pern, 650U ft., October 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
42. Nipteria occulta A\'arr.
The ? of this insect, a specimen of which I have seen from Santo Domingo, S.E. Pern, diSers somewhat from the c?. The markings of the npperside are much less distinct ; the two abbreviated apical lines are hardly visible, and the cell-sj)ots almost absent. On the underside the fulvous triangular space at apex of forewing is more conspicuous than in the t? ; while in the hindwing the dark transverse line is followed by a fulvous ochreons area.
The ?, which is the same size as the <?, was taken in December 1002, wet season (Ockenden).
43. Nipteria pallidilinea spec, no v.
Foreichiff : semi-hyaline, dull greyish; costal area and hindmargin brnadly grey-tinged ; basal fourth of costa blackish ; cell-spot large, blackisli, preceded and followed on costa by blackish curved streaks, indicating inner and outer lines, which are obscurely marked by dark spots on the veins; the outer of the two blackish costal spots is followed by a dark grey spot before the dark grey marginal liorder, which is limited internally by a faint curved pnle line; fringe cheijuered dark and light grey.
Ilindteinr/ : striated with grey, with black cell-spot and curved postmedian pale line, be)'ond which the margin is darker : a dark marginal line ; fringe grey, mottled black beyond veins.
Underside the same, but all tjie markings lilackcr ; the veins black ; the outer pale line distinct on both wings.
Head, thorax, and abdomen blackish grey.
Expanse of wings : 35 mm.
1 <S from K. (Colorado, Peru, October 10o2 (Watkins).
Easily distinguished by the pale outer line and neat grey shading.
44. Nipteria subbrunnea sjiec. nov.
Foveidny : semi-hyaline, whitish ; costal area pale brownish grey, widening towards apex which is broadly grey, the dark tint narrowing to anal angle ; fringe brownish grey ; a distinct dark cell-spot and outer line oblique from costa to vein 6.
( .w )
Uindwing : whitish, the outer half showing grey from the chirk umlersurfare ; fringe dark grey.
Underside like upper, with the dark tints distinetly brownish-tinged ; hind- wing with outer half dark brownish, traversed by a diffuse dark line curved parallel to margin.
Thorax and abdomen luteous grey ; face and vertex jiale oclireons.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 S from E. Colorado, Peru, October 1902 CWatkins).
Apparently allied to i\'. /tija Dogn., but larger, and decidedly brownish.
45. Penthophlebia subvenata spec. nov.
Forewing : white with a faint luteous tinge ; veins towards hindmargin brownish ; costal area pale luteous ; a faint grey mark on upper half of discocellular, and half-way between it and apex the commencement of a grey submarginal line ; fringe like wings.
Himhving and fringe altogether whitish.
Underside with all the veins well marked, brownish, also the discocellular lines and the submarginal line below costa of forewing.
Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, the head parts with a luteous tinge ; tibiae and tarsi dark fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 4.5 mm.
1 i from R. Colorado, Peru, October 1002 (Watkins).
Subfamily SELIDOSEMINAE. 40. Ischnopteris conjungens spec. nov.
Foreiving : dark fuscous, with a purplish tinge, and speckled obscurely with darker ; the inner and outer lines whitish green and narrow ; first from near base of costa to one-third of inner margin, bent on sulimedian fold ; basal area with a large black blotch between median and submedian veins, sparsely edged with whitish scales ; outer line from three-fifths of costa, vertical to middle, bluntly bent outwards between 3 and 4 .lud inwards on the submedian fold, then curved inwards and coalescing along inner margin with the inner lino ; central area with two dark oblique blotches on each side of the median vein ; cell-spot black, just beyond outer line, and on inner margin above and below vein 1 a patch of white black-speckled scales ; submarginal line acutely dentate, the teeth filled up with blackish and edged with white ; this white edging forms a blotch above anal angle and on costa is tinged with luteous ; marginal area reddish-tinged, especially along veins 3 and 4, the space between them greenish ; marginal lunules blackish ; fringe concolorous.
Ilindicinq : uniform dark fuscous, with traces of a central line; underside of forewing fuscous, with an ill-defined darker submarginal shade ; marginal area mixed with ochreous, becoming quite ochreous at apex ; bindwing paler, with dark postmedian and submarginal shades and ochreous marginal area.
Head and thorax purplish fuscous ; abdomen reddish grey with ochreous anal tuft and dark dorsal crests ; forctibiae reddish mottled with black.
Exj)anse of wings : 44 mm.
1 c? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S. E. Pern, 0000 ft., November 1902, wet season (Ockeuden).
( 60 )
47. Isclinopteris projectata spec. nov.
Forewing : deep purplish, striated with (hirker, in the disc with some green scales intermixed ; the inner and outer hands green, in the latter case sometimes mixed with whitish scales ; the inner baud from quite near base of costa to one- third of inner margin, angled outward on subraedian fold ; the outer band broad and diffuse from middle of costa to two-thirds of inner margin ; the purple area between the green shades crossed at middle by a twice outcnrved darker median line, the purjile tint beyond it being deeper ; the edge of tlie central space is vertical to cell, then strongly i)rojccting below vein 4 and obliijue inwards ; the cell-spot, of raised dark scales, stands on the outer edge of the green shade ; submarginal line inter- rnpted in middle, greenish or greenish white at costa and above inner margin ; the pnrplisli marginal area slightly tinged with green beyond ceil : marginal spots dark ; fringe purplish.
Himlu-infj : dark purplish fuscous, paler along costal area, with traces of dark curved postmedian and submarginal lines.
Underside ochreous overlaid with blackish grey, with dark median and outer lines and broad submarginal band ; tbe apical region, the costa, and two post- median blotches, one in cell, the other on submedian interval, ]ialer ; hindwing ochreous speckled with black, with postmedian and submarginal black shades.
Head and ])alpi purplish and fnscons ; thorax green ; abdomen cinereous ; legs reddish testaceous, coarsely black-mottled.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
5 c?(? from Santo Domingo, Carabaj-a, S. E. Peru, 6000 ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
This species is much like pexatata Moeschl. from Surinam, for which at first I mistook it ; but the points of difference seem too great. All the examples yet seen are i S ; all the examples of i-iridifascia are ? ? ; and though the outer green band is quite different in position, form, and width, in the two forms, it is possible they may be sexes of one species. The S agrees with pexatata in having the fringe of inner margin of hindwing very full, and in addition a ridge of hair scales along the outer half of vein 1 .
48. Oenoptila? subconiiisa spec. nov.
Forewing : bright orange, speckled with vinous ; the inner and hindmargins broadly sufl'used with dull vinous; a vinous spot at middle of base; first line at one-third, vertical, consisting of three vinous spots on the veins ending in a blotch on inner margin ; median shade vinous, from just beyond middle of costa, oblique and straight outwards to vein 4, then bent and vertical to two-thirds of inner margin ; outer line from two-thirds of costa, parallel to median, consisting of vinous spots on the veins, those towards inner margin marked with black dashes outwardly tijiped with white ; an indistinct snlimargiual vinous shade ; fringe vinous like the suffusion, which leaves the extreme apex orange ; cell-spot black and large.
IlinJicimj : wholly diffused with vinous ; all the lines, except first line, marked but more or less obscured; no cell-spot.
Underside dull ochraceous, irregularly blotched and speckled with dull vinous, darkest along the hindmargins ; cell-s^wt of forewing blackish.
( fil )
Vertex, collar, shoulders, patagia, thorax and basal segments of abdomen fiery orange ; face and palpi deep ferrnginons ; abdomen cinereous.
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
2 ? ? from Sauto Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, 6500 ft., January and October 1902, dry season (Ockeuden).
In the second ? the speckling and blotches forming the lines are blackish instead of vinous, like the cell-spot.
Very much like Ooiopt'da iiiterriipta Warr. {Petelia) from Brazil, witli which I have hitherto confused it, but the undersides are quite different ; in iuternipta the forewiug beneath has a subijuadrate dark apical patch.
49. Oenoptila subfasciata spec. nov.
Poyeidiiij : dull fulvous, striated, not speckled, with blackish; the lines diifuse, vinous, and as in siobcon/'usa the inner and outer lines marked by blackish spots on veins ; the position of the lines is the same as in that species, but the median shade is closer to the cell-spot and nearly vertical throughout ; cell-spot black aud large ; a blackish blotch on submarginal line below middle.
tliiidwing : with the outer lines marked, and the cell-spot distinct and black.
Underside yellowish straw-colour, almost without speckling ; cell-spots black and large ; a submarginal vinous fascia with its centre blackish.
Head, thorax, and abdomen dull greyish fulvous ; the abdomen with anal segments and laterally grey
Expanse of wings : 39 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, 05U0 ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockeuden).
The difference in the underside will distinguish this species at once from both suhconfusa and interrupta Warr.
50. Thysanopyga nig^ricosta spec. nov.
Forcwiiiij : pale reddish-grey, with verj^ fine dark striae ; a broad purplish- black costal streak ; the basal area, the cell and space below, and the marginal area above vein 5 brick-red ; first line brown close to base, vertical ; second line well before middle, reddish brown, vertical to below median vein, then slightly curved outwards to inner margin before middle, closely followed by the black cell-spot ; outer line purplish black from three-fourths of inner margin, hardly concave out- wards, curving just before reaching the black costal streak aud running through it into apex ; below costal streak at apex the hindmargia is pale grey inwardly edged by two white luuules ; fringe reddish grey with pale base, chequered white below apex and above vein .5.
Ilindwing : without lines ; cell-spot minute, snow-white in a diffuse brownish shade from before middle of costa, preceded aud followed by a brick-red tint in midwing ; a brown cloud at apex and anal angle, preceded by a baud of pale ground-colour.
Underside greyish ochrcous, speckled with black, with a broad submarginal brownish cloud on both wings ; cell-spots black ; extreme apex of forewiug pale.
Pnlpi greyish ochreous with dark scales, the tips white ; face browu ; fillet and
( 62 )
base of shoulders iinrjilish black like the costal streak ; patagia, thorax, and rest of shoulders brick-red ; abdomeu grej-, tiuged with red along dorsum ; antennae black ; legs grey.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
Several examples from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Pern (Ockenden). 1 have previonsly passed this species as a form of abdomixaria Guen., but it is a distinct species, characterised at once by the black costa.
SUBKAMILY ASOOTINAE. •Jl. Bronchelia consimilis spec. nov.
Of the same size and colour as B. puellaria Guen., but the whole surface thickly studded with leaden-grey and fuscous granular dots ; the lines more distinctly marked, especially towards costa, the inner and outer with black dashes on veins ; the brownish olive shade between outer and submarginal line, as in puellaria, and distinctly extended to margin between veins 4 and 6 ; cell-spot black. In the hindwing there are live dull olive-brownish lines or bands, one antemedian passing over the black cell-spot, a postmediau dentate lunulate line marked with black points on veins, followed by a broader shade, and two sub- marginal bands enclosing the usual pale submarginal line.
Underside cream-white, in the forewing speckled and dusted with grey, the costa striated with black, the cell-sjiot black ; a black submarginal band, thick to vein 4 and extended to margin between veins 4 and 0, constricted below 4 and ending in a blotch at vein 2 ; in hindwing this band is narrow, dentate externally on veins, from costa to vein 4, then fading off.
Head, thorax, and abdomen whitish, mixed with olive-grey.
Expanse of wings : 74 mm.
1 ? from Jalapa, Mexico.
The white is creamy, not bluish, as in puellaria.
•52. Bronchelia plumbilinea spec. nov.
Very much like B. scolopaiea Drury i^from the West Indian Islands, but the upper surface of the wings is altogether without the erect hairs so characteristic of that species ; the lunulate submarginal line is composed of pale lustrous scales, the Innules filled in vpith blackish, except that between veins 3 and 4, of which the scales are leaden-grey.
The ochraceons underside has a diffuse bkn'k submarginal cloud in both wings broader in the hindwing ; the forewing is thickly and coarsely S2)eckled with blackish, and has all the lines blackish, the double submarginal line being connected with the submarginal fascia by a blackish blotch ; the liindwing by comparison is without speckling or lines.
Expanse of wings : 86 mm.
1 cJ, Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, OUOU ft., January 1903, wet season (Ockenden).
I have seen examples from several localities in S. America which have hitherto been passed over as scolo/juiea.
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53. Bronchelia semicompleta spec. uov.
Forewiufi : white, semi-transparent, with a few fine grey speckles, which are thickest near base and along costa ; the lines dark grey, obscurely marked, but starting from distinct dark costal spots ; first from one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, oblique parallel to hindmargin, forming an outward curve above and below the median ; second from two-thirds of costa to middle of inner margin, curved outwards above and marked by dark dots on veins ; cell-spot grey ; submargiual line waved, pale, between two dark shades from costa to below vein 5, and less marked from 3 to anal angle ; slight dark marginal dashes ; fringe white (damaged).
Ilimlwing : with cell-spot and dentate-lunulate outer line grey ; submargiual line and shades less conspicuous.
Underside white ; the costal spots only distinct ; forewing with a quadrate apical blackish blotch, with curved inner edge, reaching nearly to vein 4, and a blotch between 2 and 3 not touching margin ; hindwing similar, but the apical blotch longer and narrower, the lower one very obscure.
Head and palpi grey ; shoulders pale grey ; thorax and abdomen white, the segments of the latter with grey rings ; legs white ; pectus and forelegs in front grey.
Expanse of wings : 64 mm.
1 c? from Palino cue, Paraguay, February (Montforts).
Distinguished from both puellaria Guen. and detexta Wlk. by the narrower and more jiointed forewings, and the greyer scaling.
54. Cymatophora subcrinita spec. nov.
Forewing : olive-tinged oohreous, the markings dark olive-green ; costa with short dark green striae ; all the shadings parallel to hindmargin, thick and inter- rupted along the course of the median vein ; the submargiual also by an oblique pale streak from apex ; a dark spot at base of costa ; first line represented by a spot on costa, a triangular one in cell, and a lunule below median vein, preceded by a paler space edged by a darker line ; cell-siJot contiguous to a subquadrate olive patch with a dark costal spot obliquely above it beyond middle, and a large lunule below median preceded by a dark line ; these markings appear to represent the median shade ; outer shade lunulate from three-fourths of costa, below median coalescing irregularly with the median shade ; submargiual line lunulate, the lunules filled up with darker and followed by difl'use olive shading; marginal lunules blackish, horseshoe-shaped ; fringe pale ochreous.
Hindiciiiy : ochreous, with a diifuse grey submargiual clond ; fringe both of the outer and inner margin yellowish ochreous.
Underside ochreous, irregularly blotched with olive fuscous ; a large quadrate apical blotch, the apex itself beiug jnire ochreous, and another at anal angle ; the submargiual fascia of hindwing olive fuscous ; cell-spots black.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreous, the head and shoulders olive-tinged ; palpi externally and tips of the shoulders fuscous.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
1 c? from Huancabamba, ( 'erro de Pasco, Peru, 0 — ln,OUO ft. (Bottger).
The fringe of inner margin of hiudwiugs is double and thickly curled at anal angle ; a ridge of ochreous hairs runs along vein 1, and ochreous hairs are scattered over the base of wing; the segments of the abdomen beneath are all tufted, and the
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pectus and femora are hairy ; the basal joint of ])alpi is conspicuous with a rounded fringe of outstanding hairs. The insect bears a great superficial resemblance to muraena Druce.
Subfamily SEMIOTHISINAE. 55. Semiothisa crassisquama s])ec. nov.
Forewing : ochreous, covered with coarse olive-brown striations ; the costa yellowish witli fine brown striae; the lines brown, starting from oblique brown costal blotches at one-fifth, two-fifths, and three-fifths ; the first and second lines thick and diffuse, the second touching the brown discal mark, the third narrower, crenulatc, angled on vein 6 ; at four-fifths of costa a fourth brown blotch, inwardly oblique and broadened to vein 6, commences a submarginal shade which is inter- rupted beyond cell by a fulvous patch and continued as a brown streak to inner margin ; marginal area suffused with brown and fulvous ; between veins 6 and 7 the ground-colour on each side of the brown marks is white ; a row of blackish marginal hmules ; fringe yellowish, chequered with brown at the veins, wholly brown beyond cell.
Hindwimj : without basal line ; the submarginal band uninterrnpted, mixed with fulvous throughout ; hindmargin below middle paler.
Underside white, striated with brown ; costa and veins of both wings yellow ; markings as above, but clearer ; the fnlvous patch beyond cell of forewing con- spicuous ; apex of hindwing leaden-grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen olive ochreous, varied with darker.
Expanse of wings : 25 mm.
1 c? from Palino cue, Paraguay, February (Montforts).
Hindmargin of forewing without excision ; of hindwing bluntly toothed at middle ; antennae shortly pubescent ; forewing without fovea.
56. Semiothisa orthodisca spec. nov.
Forewing : semi-transparent, pearl-grey, striated and partly tinged with dark grey ; lines blackish ; first at one-fifth, bent in cell, then inwardly oblique ; second at two-fifths, waved, parallel to first line ; discal mark dark chestnnt-brown, oblique, and Ijlack edged on both sides, sharply cut at vein 4 and above j)roduced to the costa ; outer line from two-thirds of costa to three-fonrths of inner margin, waved, and dark-marked on veins ; succeeded by a broad fascia with waved external edge, chestnut-brown to vein 3, then dark grey, narrowed to anal angle; it is slightly edged with whitish and followed by a white dash above vein 0 ; marginal area iron-grey ; marginal line black ; fringe brownish grey with a white fleck at apex.
Hindwing : without inner line ; cell-spot round and bhuk ; submarginal fascia wholly dark gre}' ; fringe dark grey with pearly base.
Underside brightly white; all the striae autl markings very distinct; sub- marginal fascias both brown-tinged ; costa of forewing yellowish.
Head brown ; palpi brown mixed with ochreous ; thorax and j)atagia pale grey ; shoulders pale grey with the tips dark; legs greyish white, dark-mottled.
Expanse of wings : 3i) mm.
1 <S from Chancliamayo, Peru (Schuuke).
Subapical excision of forewing slight ; hindwing with prominent angle in the middle ; forewing with small but distinct fovea ; antennae simply pubescent.
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57. Xenoecista lapidata spec, no v.
Forewing : ochreous stoae-colonr, speckled with black; Hues darker, but all very indistinct ; basal Hue at one-fifth, bent in cell ; second nearly straight, parallel to hindmargin, a little before middle, passing beyond the equally obscure cell-spot; outer line at three-fourths, marked by dark spots on the veins, not reaching costa, followed by an obscure shade ; dark marginal dashes before the ochreous fringe.
liindwiiig : without inner line ; all the others plainer.
Underside yellower ochreous, with the middle line and a broad submarginal fascia brown ; the fascia in forewing extended to margin beyond cell.
Head, thorax, and abdomen coucoloruus with wings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
1 ? from Organ Mountains, near Tijuco.
Hindmargin of forewing oblique : of hindwing bluntly angled at middle.
This species will almost certainly prove to be a Xeiwcciata, when the i is discovered.
Subfamily ENNOMINAE.
58. Anisoperas albimorsa spec. nov.
Forewing : grey, striated with black ; the central area with an olive-fdscous tinge ; first line dark fuscous, from one-third of costa to two-fifths of inner margin, somewhat excurved above and below median vein, preceded by whitish grey scales ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, strongly deutate- lunnlate, running outwards to vein 7, then sinuous, the teeth on the veins marked by white dashes ; a white curve on costa beyond it and another white blotch before apex ; on vein 5 within the outer line is a subquadrate cream- white blotch, and between veins 5 and 7 are two smaller cream-white spots, one on each side of the outer line ; costal edge striated with ochreous ; cell-spot blackish ; fringe dark olive fuscous in basal half, paler beyond.
Ilindwimj : with an olive-fuscous tinge throughout, striated with blackish and with a few whitish grey speckles ; cell-siiot and outer line as in forewing ; a small whitish lunule instead of the subquadrate blotch ; marginal area narrowly darker, owing to black striae ; fringe as in forewing.
Underside cinereous-fuscous with dark striations ; cell-spots and outer lines dark ; all the white sirots repeated.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings ; fillet narrowly whitish.
Expanse of wings : 26 mm.
1 ¥ from K. Colorado, Peru, October IWZ (^Vatkins).
59. Azelina Mvata spec. nov.
Forewing : greyish fulvous, the costal streak pale drab with brown points ; lines fuscous, diffuse ; first straight, at one-third, bent inwards and obscure on subcostal vein, preceded by a pale grey line ; outer line obliquely curved from four-fifths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, outwardly edged with grey ; cell-spot blackish, with a minute whitish centre ; black submarginal dots ; fringe greyish fulvous.
Ilindwimj : fulvous only along hindmargin, the rest pale ochreous yellow ; a
5
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browu straight jiostmediati line from above anal angle to before apex, faintly edged externally with jiale ; au obscure dark cell-spot ; fringe brownish fulvous.
Underside of both wings i)ale fulvous above middle, striated with browu ; below middle whitish ; outer line brown and distinct on both wings through the fulvous areas ; cell-spot an elongated oval with jiale centre.
Head, thorax, and abdomen pale fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 34 mm.
1 ? from Onaca, 8ta. Martha, 2200 ft., September— October 1901, wet seasou (Engelke).
Forewiug with hindmargiu toothed at '-i and 0, the apex also produced ; hindwiug toothed at vein 3.
60. Certima strigifera spec. nov.
Forewiny : brown, covered throughout with short fine yellowish and grey striae ; a diffuse darker brown, less striated, shade at one-fourth and three-fourths, at the place of the usual lines, the latter edged outwardly by white dashes on veins; costa broadly cream-colour; fringe concolorous.
Jliiti/iri/iif : similar ; the outer line us on forewing, but forming the outer edge of a slightly darker postmedian fascia.
Underside dirty ochreous, thickly striated with grey ; a grey cloud in cell of forewiug, and a submarginal grey cloud on both wings, the apex of each wing being whitish grey.
Head, thorax, and basal segment of abdomen browu ; rest of abdomen grey ; fillet cream-colour.
Expanse of wings : 4S mm.
1 t? from Sauto Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Fern, 0000 ft., July 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
01. Cimicodes angustipennis spec. nov.
Fciretciidj : brownish iiuvn-colour, always paler than in any of the foj'ms of pallico&t'cta Gueu. ; the costal streak olive-ochreous with grey freckling ; lines and markings as in jjallicostata, but the white dot on vein 0 in the outer line is much less cons])icuons, and the outer line itself is slightly curved outwards before reaching inner margin.
Jlindwiiiy : with the line sinuous and running outside of, or touching, the ilistinct black cell-spot.
Underside pale fawn-colour, speckled with darker, and tinged with brownish along hiudmargins, with indistinct outer and submarginal lines marked by dark vein-points ; the outer line concave outwards ; apex of forewing whitish.
Face and palpi dark brown ; vertex, shoulders, and basal half of thorax and patagia olive-ochreous, like costal stripe ; rest of patagia and thorax dark brown ; abdomen paler brown.
Expanse of wings : .30 mm.
4 (J c? from 8au Ernesto, Bolivia, lono ni., August and (September I'JOO (Simons).
The forewings are very decidedly narrower than in //idlicogfulci ; the hiudwiugs rounded.
This is the insect which, in jS'od. Zool. xi. p. 137, 1 wrongly referred to lalaUi Gueu., which is certainly the ? oi jiaUkostatu.
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62. Cimicodes ferruginea spec. nov.
Forewiiuj : dark chestnut brown, paler, tinged with olive and yrey. between first and second Hue, and deep ferruginous between second and submarginal lines ; costal streak bright ochveons straw-colonr, along costal edge tinged with olive, and with very few dark speckles ; the inner and outer lines pale lilac grey, both concave ontwards, the central space towards the lines deeper brown ; cell-spot black in a lilac-grey oval ; snbmarginal line starting as a fine sinnous white line at costa, then grey, inwardly edged with black-brown ; the outer line runs straight into the pale costal streak, and both are without white vein-dots; fringe grey-brown, with i^ale tips.
Hindwiixj : with the costal area and the inner margin up to first line olive grey-brown with dark striae ; the rest of the wing deep ferruginous ; submarginal line dark brown, irregularly dentate; margin from anal angle to vein 4 deep brown ; fringe as in forewing ; inner line passing over the black cell-spot.
Underside dull olive-brown, with dark speckles ; outer line marked by white vein-dots ; submarginal dentate-lunulate, blackish edged with pale grey.
Head, apical two-thirds of jiatagia and thorax, and abdomen deep brown; shoulders and basal third of thorax and patagia pale green ; legs dull orange speckled and ringed with black.
Expanse of wings : 52 mm.
1 c? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. I'eru, 6500 ft., October 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
Distinguished from all other si)ecies of the genus by the bright ferruginous tinge and strikingly pale costa.
63. Euclysia carueata.
Phyllodoiila mnuatu Warr., Nur. ZwA. xi. p. 16U (1904).
This species was wrongly referred by me to the geuns PlujUodonta : it is a true Eiwh/sia ; and the S, which I have now seen, is like the ?. Tlie species comes nearest to Euclysia macalata Warr., originally described as a Paiayouia.
64. Isochromodes straminea spec. nov.
ForeiciiKj : pale straw-colour, speckled with fine rust-coloured scales ; the lines of this same tint, all more or less parallel to hindmargin and lunulate- dentate ; first from one-third of costa to one-fourth of inner margin, obscure ; median thicker, more difiiise, followed on inner margin by a round greyish blotch ; outer line indistinct and interrupted, marked chiefly by brown dashes on the veins, followed by a grey blotch between 3 and 4, thence incurved and running into the grey blotch of median line ; submarginal line also marked by brown vein-spots only, and ending in a grey cloud ; cell-spot small and black, be3'ond a Innule of tiie median line ; fringe concolorous, with slight brown dots at the vein-ends ; hindmargin not crenulate.
Hindwing : similar, but without basal line ; the markings all less distinct.
Underside pale straw-colour, brown-freckled towards costa only ; a dark grey submarginal line, obscurely luuulate-deutate on both wings, running in from vein 3 to 2, and there ending, followed in both wings beyond cell by a grey cloud.
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Head, thorax, and abdomen straw-colour ; face white with the iii)i)er part browu ; pectus, legs, and abdomen beneath all straw-colour.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
1 (j from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. I'eru, 6UUU ft., July I'JUx', dry season (Ockendeu).
65. Isochromodes turbinata spec. nov.
Foreicing : jjale luteons-grey, slightly speckled with brown ; the markings all dull chestnut brown ; a thick diffuse band at about one-third, sinnous, bent outwards in cell and inwards on submedian fold, coalescing along inner margin with a broad iwstmedian band, the costal half of which, except the edges, is paler; the inner edge of this band starts from middle of costa, is angled outwards on the median vein, then runs obliqnely inwards ; its outer edge from five-sixths of costa is vertical to vein 4, jirojects strongly outwards between 4 and 5, and then curves inwards to two-thirds of inner margin ; within the inner edge is a small black cell-sj)ot ; submarginal line pale, indistinct, marked by irregular brown shadings on each side, below 4 touching the projection of the brown band ; a fine browu marginal lunulate line ; fringe pale with dark dots at base be}'ond veins.
Uimhi-'nig : similar, but without inner line : the cell-spot ringed with paler.
Underside cream-white, sparsely sjirinkled with dark scales ; marginal line darker ; forewing with dark cell-spot and smoky fuscous shade from costa to hindmargiu at vein 2, containing an obscure dark line across it parallel to hind- margin to vein 2, this shade hardly visible on hindwing.
Head, thorax, and abdomen grey ; face darker.
Exjianse of wings : 44 mm.
1 ? from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.E. Peru, G.5U0 ft., October I'Jn::.', dry season (Ockenden).
In shape and markings this species resembles J. maculosata Warr., but is totally different in coloration ; beneath it somewhat resembles /. grisca, but the ground-colour is not so white, and there is no shade on hindwing.
'iO. Loxapicia cognata spec. nov.
Forewimj : pale ochreous, speckled with dull brownish ; the lines pale brown ; first before one-third, angled in cell shortly before the small black cell-spot, then oblicpie to one-fouith of inner margin, jjreceded by a broad grey shade ; outer line from apex to just beyond middle of inner margin, sinuous, being faintly bent in cell and on submedian fold, and slightly curved outwards between those jioiuts, followed by a broad grey shade ; submarginal line represented by dark dots on veins, of which those on veins 1,2, 3 alone are consi)icuous ; fringe ochreous, with minute dark dots at base beyond the veins.
Ilindtcini/ : with the inner Hue distinct, curved, close to base, but without a grey shade ; tlie rest as in forewing ; cell-spot black, close before outer line. The brown speckling is densest in the marginal area of each wing and along costa of forewing.
Underside like upper; the shades broad and conspicuous; the submarginal and outer uniting above middle in forewing.
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Head, thorax, ami alKlomen ocliveons ; abdominal soi^mpnts with lirown dorsal marks.
Exjianse of wings : 20 mm.
1 c? from Chancliamayo, Pern (Scluinko).
The antennae arc lieavily pectinated ; in the forewing vein I is swollen and npcurved at base.
In general appearance the species resembles Mesedrn.
07. Melinodes fulvitincta spec. nov.
Foren-huj : mnstard yellow, with coarse brown-black speckles ; the lines blackish ; first from one-f'onrth of costa to one-third of inner margin, bent on snbcostal, then vertical, projecting outwards on the three veins, inwardly ditfusely edged and tinged with fulvous ; outer line from three-fourths of costa to two-thirds of inner margin, sinuous, dentate-lnnulato, the teeth marked with white-tipped black dashes on veins, curved ontwards to vein 6 and there acutely angled ; submarginal line Innulate-dentate with prominent ontward projections on veins 6 and 15, insinuate between ; the space between these last two lines filled in by a shade of browu and fulvous with black speckling, constricted in middle ; fringe yellow ; slight brown spots at end of veins ; cell-spot brown, rather large.
Ilindwintj : without first line; the blotched shade beyond outer line broad below middle, narrow above towards costa ; marginal spots large.
Underside paler yellow, witli the dark markings dull grey-brown.
Face brown, vertex yellow ; shoulders brown, their tips fulvous ; thorax and pat.agia yellow ; abdomen yellow, tinged with fulvous and coarsely black- speckled along dorsum. Underside of body and the legs yellow.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
1 ? from Tncuman, Argentina, May 1902 (Dinelli).
OS. Numia deceptrix spec. nov.
Fori'iviiKj : dull groy-green, densely covered with deeper green scales ; costal edge finely white with dark dots ; a dark cell-spot ; fringe concolnrous.
f!>»rhr>tii/ : with a small round white cell-spot.
Underside j)aler, Inteous green, the speckling sparser but clearer.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings.
Expanse of wings : 2'J mm.
4 ? ? from Tucuman, Argentina, May 1902 (Dinelli).
In forewings the lower radial rises somewhat above tjie middle of the discocellular, as in the Geomi'trnuw proper ; but the hindwings are without a radial at nil.
09. Paracomistis maculata spec. nov.
Forciring : yellowish ochreous, sparsely dusted with black: a lilack spot at liase of cell ; the lines marked by black dots on veins : first at one-fourth ; outer line from just before apex to middle of inner margin, the line being conceive outward from vein 7 to 4, then oblique and more or less connected; submarginal series of dots parallel to margin ; from vein 4 to inner margin an oblir|ue blotch
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of black speckles runs between ontcr and snbmarginal lines, the median sliade also lieiu^s marked in black below tbe median vein, and a black shade jnst beyond the outer line ; ajiex with some black scales and a low along the lower submarainal spots; raarsrinal spots Mack ; cell-dnf, small ; fringe concolorons.
Iliiuhriiiij : similar, but withont basal line and with the median shade distinct and straight from vein 6 to inner margin, touching the black cell-dot ; the dots of the onter line connected, and ioliowid liy a black blotch at anal angle as far as vein 3.
Underside paler, slightly speckled ; cell-spots and those of the onter and marginal series only represented ; a dark snbmarginal shade in upper half of forewing.
Head, thorax, and abdomen concolorons ; ])alpi externally blackisli ; patngia with a dark mark across middle, thorax and abdomen s]iotted with black ; hinder part of abdomen blotched and ringed witli Idack above and beneath.
Expanse of wings : 44 mm.
1 6 from Santo Domingo, C'arabaya, S.E. Pern, (35on ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
TO. PoUa fuscata spec. nov.
Foreicinij : dark olive-brown witli blackish striae ; a thick black line from inner margin at one-sixth to apex, marked by white scales above vein 0; a blade cell-spot ; jnst before it an obliqne dark streak from eosta preceded by a few pale scales indicates the inner line ; beneath the oblique line in the middle of wing is a diffuse dark shade ; costal edge ochreous brown with black dots ; fringe in basal half distinctly reddish, in apical half white.
Jliitdwing : with two obscure curved dark lines beyond middle, ending above anal angle and accompanied there by a few pale scales : extreme base pale, edged by the continuation of the oblique black line of forewing.
Underside dark lilac-grey with black speckles ; the marginal area broadly brownish fuscous, except at ai)ex of forewing, which remains grey.
Head, thorax, and abdomen like wings : pectus and abdomen beneath grey : tarsi fulvous ochreons with black rings.
Expanse of wings : 30 mm.
J i from I'alcazu, Department Junin, Pern (Sedhnayr).
Trotogonia gen. nov.
Forewing : costa curved at base and before apex, nearly straight between : apex rounded ; hindmargin oblique, not curved, to vein "2, excised between 1 and 2, as long as inner margin, which is somewhat convex.
Ilhuhrhiij : shouldered at base and excised at apex from 8 to 7, which forms a blnnt projection ; hindmargin faintly curved ; anal angle square.
Antennae of S bipectinate, the pectinations being long fascicles of cilia, themselves strongly ciliated laterally and at ai)ex, the shaft rasped above and the segments angnlated ; palpi short, closely apjiressed to face; tongue and frennhim present ; hindtibia with four spurs.
Nennition: forewing, cell iiaiC the length of wing; discocelhihir nearly vertical; lirst median nervnie a little beyond one-half, second close to tliir<l; lower radial IVom fvbove mi<lcile of discocellular, upper from the depressed end of
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cell; 7, 8, 9 stalked; 10,11 stalked: liindwing, rostal and snlicnstal only sliortly approximated towards base ; :} and 7 well before antfles of cell. Type : Trotogonia si(hornata spec. nov.
71. Trotogonia pallidata spec. nov.
Forrwiiifi : pale ochreons with a greenish tinge, snffiised with dull pnrplish at base and along costa and hindiuargin ; the bands and markings almost identical with those of '/'. xnhornaffi, Imt the paler gronnd-colonr shows up more before as well as beyond the second line and on hindmargin below apex ; the costa, instead of being smoothly sealed, is marked with dark greenish striae, and the white scaling edging the pnrplish bands is more developed.
lUmhriny : paler, ochreons tinted and speckled with greenish and pnrplish; the markings also as in sn/jontafu, and with a pale centred greenish cell-spot in addition.
Underside [lale yellowisji with the markings pnrplish and with scarcely any fnlvons tinge.
Head, thorax, and abdomen ochreons tinged witli violet; face l)rown ; abdomen beneath yellow.
Expanse of wings : 3(1 mm.
1 S from Santn Domingo, Carabaya, 8.E. Pern, n.")(Hi ft., December 1902, wet season (Ockenden).
Besides its smaller size and paler coloration this species differs strnctnrally from the type species in that the antennae are not liipectinate, but merely snbserrate and shortly ciliated.
72. Trotogonia subornata spec. nov.
Forpicinf/ : with the dnil jirimroso ground-colour almost entirely suffused with pinkish violet and with a greenish tinge throughout ; the costal area above subcostal vein rather paler and the hindiuargin deeper ; first line as an olive- green band finely edged with whitish scales, bluntly bent outwards in cell, then obliijue inwards ; second line diffuse, starting from a purplish costal blotch at four-fifths, sinuous inwards to beyond middle of inner margin, where it is greenish, both extremities finely edged with white; submarginal line also starting from a purple wedge-shaped blotch just before apex, edge! with white anl ending at the anal excision in some more white scales, accompanied by a pnrplish and olive blotch below middle and a small purple lilotch before anal angle, and willi two roiuid jiale spots, the upper one yellow, above and below vein 2 ; fringe purple ; cell-spot obscure, ocelloid, greenish with dark edge, just before the second line ; space between second and third lines dull primrose below' vein (5.
Ilimliritiff: a mixture of diffused violet and olive, more vi<det towards base and inner margin, with a slightly darker band from middle of inner margin accompanied there by white scaling; a ])urple blotch at the apioal excision and spot below it, both edged with wiiite, und tliree ]nirplish spots in a. line from costa before the excision.
Underside much gayer ; the paler areas of forewing bright fnlvons and yellow, the bands purplish, the hindmargin deep ])urple, with one yellow spot, the costal
( -2)
area duller : hindwiiis: fulvous at costa, below it tinged with violet grey, the apieal margin dee]i yellow, with tlie five purple sjwts.
Palpi and face deep ferrnginons ; vertex, thorax, and abdomen a mixture of dull violet and olive ; anal segment ocbreous yellow ; underside of abdomen bright fulvous.
Expanse of wings : 3.") mm.
1 (S from San Cajetano, (Jolombia, SOOU ft., September 1902.
The following species was omitted in its proper place ; it belongs to the jAtcestiinac : —
73. Callipia balteata spec. nov.
Foreiving : dull smoky fascons ; the costa with broad, coarse, yellowish striae and spots, the ai)ical area variegated with fine, longer striae ; at two-fifths and three-fifths two larger yellow spots give rise to two broad, deep rosy bands, the inner vertical to the median vein, then oblique inwards to vein 1, above which it runs inwards, widening to base; the outer vertical to vein 5, then oblicjne and straight to vein 1 at two-thirds ; yellow marginal dashes at the ends of the veins running out and chequering the fuscous fringe.
Ilimhving : with obscure pale striations ; a pale cell-spot on upper arm of discocellular ; a curved outer band, narrow and pale ochreons above, widening and dull rosy below ; margin and fringe as in forewing, the veins paler towards margin ; fringe of abdominal margin dull rosy.
Underside of forewing like upper, but the yellow striae and costal spots, as well as the brown ground-colour, more vivid and concise ; the veins towards margin yellow ; hindwing bright brown, with fine yellow striae ; cell-spot, veins, and abdominal margin for two-thirds white ; the outer band yellow and broader ; ground-colour along the cell and submedian fold blackish brown; costa yellow; some rosy spots at base of wing.
Face, palpi, and shoulders rich velvety black ; collar yellow, tipped with scarlet ; patagia yellowish ; thorax olive-brown ; abdomen black, with broad yellow belts ; legs dark fuscous, internally paler, the femora fringed with yellow hairs, the coxae with red hairs.
Expanse of wings : 65 mm.
1 S from Santo Domingo, Carabaya, S.B. Peru, 6.5(iO ft., January 1902, dry season (Ockenden).
A remarkably coloured insect.
On ]). 487 of Nor. Zool. xi. I described Perixera iinpudens from Gardner Island. The insect came from Gardener Island, Galapagos, and therefore should have been put among the American species.
( -3
AN ACCOUNT OP THE REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS COLLECTED BY MR. P. W. RIGGENBACH IN THE ATLAS OP MOROCCO.
BY G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.
(Plates I. II.)
TAKING stock of onr knowledge of the Reptiles ami Batracliians of Morocco in 1890,* I deplored the almost complete absence of data concerning their distribu- tion on the Atlas. This desideratum has now fortunately been filled to some extent b}' the energetic collector to whom we are already indebted for important additions to onr knowledge of the fresh-water Fisli-fauna of Morocco, described in this Journal by Dr. Giinther.f
As may be seen from the following list, Mr. Riggenbach's collection does not contain types of any new species, but it is interesting for the rediscovery of the little-known Ophisaurus koellikeri, and as extending our knowledge of the variations of the two common lizards, Lacerta ocellata and L. mnralis.
Mr. Riggenbacii's collection was made at three different localities : —
Imintanout, foot of Atlas, May 1904.
Dellaiu Dirnchan, May 1904.
Tamaruth Valley, High Atlas, 0(.)00-700(i feet, June 1904.
REPTILES. 1. Agama bibronii A. Dum.
Several specimens, Dellain Diruchan and Tamaruth Valley.
The prasanal pores of the males may form two series. A large female has the ventral scales faintly keeled and four tranverse series of large brick-red spots on the back.
2. Ophisaurus koellikeri Gthr. (PI. I. fig. 1).
Three specimens from the Tamaruth Valley.
Teeth in the jaws obtusely conical ; minute teeth on the palate, forming one series on the palatine bone and two on the pterygoid. Dorsal scales in 10 longi- tndiual and 98 to 112 transverse series. The smallest specimen is unspotted, but bears three dark longitudinal bands, whilst the two others have, in addition to these, more or less regular transverse series of black and pale blue spots.
The largest specimen measures 200 mm. from snout to vent; head, 27 mm.; rndimentary hind limb, 4 mm. The tail, wlien intact, measures two-thirds of the total lengtli.
Tliis species was only known from the type specimen described by Giinther from a specimen believed to have been received from Mogador, and from two specimens from Casablanca, the types of Boettger's Pseudopus apiis, forma ornata.
3. Trogonophis wiegmanni Kaup. Tamaruth Valley.
* Jrans. Zool. Sue. vii. ji. 05. f l\'or, Zooh viii. p. 3C7, and ix. p. UG.
( 74 )
4. Lacerta ocellata Pand. (I'l. 1. fi-. •^, and I'l. 11. li-. l).
Nine specimens from Imintanont, and one from the Tamaruth Valley.
From Morocco, this species has only been reported from the nei^hlionrliood of Tangier, and the specimens were referred by me to a distinct form named var. tanffitiina, distingnished from the Algerian-Tunisian L. jmter by a combination of characters : smaller occipital, smaller or more nnmerons dorsal grannies, fewer rows of ventral plate.«, and more numerous femoral pores. The /.. jintcr itself conld only be distingnished from tlie typical European /,. oi'dUitu by a combination of characters, every one of which, taken singly, proved to be inconstant. The specimens collected by Mr. Riggenbach in the Morocco Atlas appear to me to dispose entirely of jirevions attempts at defining geographical races in this species. As will be seen by the following tabulation of characters, the specimens agree with the typical form and L. pater in the number of granules across the middle of the body, and witli the lizard described as var. faniiifdim in the number {<\ or S) of longi- tudinal rows of ventral plates, and in the number (10 to 22) of femoral pores.* In some specimens the dorsal grannies are very distinctly keeled, in others they are perfectly smooth ; and whilst in one specimen the occipital shield is not broader than the interparietal, in five out often it is actually broader than the frontal.
Ill the following tabulation of characters of the ten specimens in Mr. Higgen- bach's collection, column 1 gives the number of dorsal scales across the middle of the body, 2 the number of longitudinal rows of ventral plates, 3 the number of transverse rows of ventral plates, 4 the number of gnlar scales on the median line between the chin-shields and tlie collar-plates, 5 the number of femoral jiores (right and left), 0 the greatest width (in millimetres) of the frontal shield, 7 the greatest width of the inter])arietal shield, and S the greatest width of the occipital shield.
|
! 1. i |
2. |
3. |
4. |
6. |
6. |
7. |
8. 6 |
|
|
(? . . . |
T.-i |
6-8 |
30 |
28 |
19 |
6 |
3 |
|
|
J) ■ • • |
71 |
8 |
29 |
27 |
19-17 |
6 |
3 |
7 |
|
)» • • • |
74 |
6 |
27 |
26 |
20-19 |
6 |
4 |
8 |
|
70 |
6 |
29 |
20 |
17 |
,5 |
3 |
4 |
|
|
J) • ' • |
81 |
8 |
28 |
26 |
21-22 |
.0 |
3| |
.5 |
|
? . . . |
79 |
8 |
31 |
25 |
17 16 |
6 |
4 |
fi |
|
79 |
6 |
28 |
24 |
16-17 |
5i |
3 |
6,', |
|
|
„ . . . |
70 |
8 |
28 |
26 |
17-18 |
5 |
3 |
fi |
|
Young " |
72 77 |
8 8 |
29 29 |
28 2'J |
19-22 19-18 |
3i 3 |
2i 2J |
4 2A |
The coloration varies much. The young are marked with white, black-edged ocelli, which persist more or less in females and half-grown males, whilst they nearly entirely disappear on the body of adult males, which are uniformly speckled and vermiculatcd with black. One of the female sjjccimens, figured on PI. II., is
* 1 Imvo px.imined a fjrc.at number of .'^pet-iniens from Algeria aiifl Tunisiji, including thuso descrilH'd by I.atas(e as Ij.jmli-r, and tiiid the femoral pores to vary between 12 and 1(1 ; whilst T tind 17 to 21 in the 12 .ipccimens from Tangier and Tlenisen (I'rov. Oran), which are referred to my vnr. tainiitiinn. Werner. Vcrh. Zonl. hot. (iiv. Wini, 1894, p. SI. found l-i to 17 pores in IS speiiniens from Algeria (Lambesa, Pliilippeville, Tiatna, Honay According to ¥. Doumergue {Essal xiir la Fiiiinc hrrpetiilngique do VOranie, 1901, p. 121), the number of femoral pores would not be a safe character for defining races of this species, as he finds tliem to vary, in indi\iduals fr<.)m the province of Oran, between i;* and 20 ; U to K, is the number ascertained by me in the European specimens.
( 7o )
remarkable for the intcrrnption of the black network on fho iniil<llo lino of the back, tlins proflncing the effect of a light vertebral stripe.
■'i. Lacerta muralis Lanr. (Vi. 11. fig. 2).
Numerous speciraeus from the Tamarnth Vallej'.
This species, so far as Morocco is concerned, was onlj' known from Tangier, whence nnmerous specimens of a very small-scaled form (with 61 to 73 keeled granules across the middle of the body) were sent to me by M. H. Vancher.* The specimens from the Atlas of Morocco belong to a somewhat different form, agreeing with the Algerian specimens t in the smooth or faintly keeled scales, 53 to 0.5 in number across the middle of the body, and the more numerous femoral pores (17 to 21 on each side instead of 13 to 19). The colour is grey or yellowish-green, with two more or less distinct whitish streaks on each side, the upper extending to the supraciliary edge, .the lower passing through the eye, separated by a dark-brown band or by crowded black spots ; the space between the upper light streaks is at least as great on the body as on tlie nape ; as in the Tangier form, the dark dorsal spots, if present, are never confluent into a vertebral stripe, as is so frequently the case in the typical form of the wall-lizard in Central Europe ; the black ventral spots, if present, are small and restricted to the sides. Four is the normal number of upper labial shields in advance of the subocular ; out of 47 specimens, 5 anterior upper labials occur, on one side only, in 3, whilst the number is reduced to 3 on one side in one specimen ; the so-called masseteric disk is usually present and often large, but it is totally absent in one specimen:^ ; the edge of the collar shows no trace of denticula- tion, forming a perfectly even border ; 23 to 30 scales and granules along the middle line, between the symphysis of the chin-shields and the median collar-plate ; 23 to 28 lamellar scales under the fourth toe. The caudal scales are rather strongly keeled ; there are 26 to 39 in the fourth or fifth whorl behind the granules of the anal region. In about half of the specimeus the series of granules between the supraocular and the supraciliaries may be described as complete, entirely separating the second (first large) supraocular from the supraciliaries. In 9 specimens the parietal does not touch the upper postocular. §
I append particulars of 20 specimens from the Tamarnth Valley, and of the 6 specimeus from Tlemsen collected by Dr. .T. Anderson. 1, number of scales across the middle of the body (ventrals not included) ; 2, transverse series of scales
• Cf. Trans. Znd. Sm: xiii. 1891, p. 125.
f In his excellent account of the Keptiles collected by himself in Algeria, the late Dr. J. Andei-sou says {P. Z. ,S'., 1892, p. 13) th.at the specimens from Tlemsen, rrov. Oian, agree very closely with the specimens from Tangier described by me, differing however in the femoral pores varying from 17 to 21. T find the scales larger and smooth or very indistinctly keeled, and append particulars of these specimens for comparison with those from Morocco. Tiiese Tlemsen specimens represent th? •' vari^t6 verte" of Doumergue (ry^. cH. p. 124).
X It is much smaller or altogether absent in most of the Algerhan specimens (Tlemsen, Sersoii, D.aya. Setif, Aumale) examined by me.
§ I'rof. L. V. Mehcly, Ann. Mint. Hung. ii. 1904, p. 3(17, attaches far too great a value to this character for the distinction of the European species of Lacerta. He claims to have examined many hundreds of specimens of L. mnralis and L. vivipara without having ever come across a single one in which tlie postocular does not touch the p.irietal. I myself have seen over fifty specimens of L. mnralis, from France, Spain, Portugal, and Italy, which offer exceptions to the rule, and Mt so happens that tlie day the I'r. if essor's important paper reached me, I also received three L. rivijiara from the C'arpatliians of Jloldavia, one of them sliowing the same exception, wliicli I find likewise in a tew examples from Sweden, Belgium, Black Forest, and Carniola.
( 70 )
corresponding to one ventral plate ; 3, lon]2^tiulinal Vows of ventral |i!;iti' nniulier nf])latos in eollav; 5, number of femoral jiores (rigjit anil left).
4,
TAMAUUTH VALLKV.
|
1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
5. |
|||||
|
s ... |
r>7 |
3-4 |
8 |
9 |
18-19 |
||||
|
61 |
3-4 |
6 |
8 |
17 |
|||||
|
58 |
3-4 |
8 |
9 |
20-21 |
|||||
|
61 |
3-A |
6 |
10 |
17-18 |
|||||
|
,, |
53 |
3 |
8 |
8 |
18-20 |
||||
|
,, |
55 |
3 |
6 |
8 |
19-18 |
||||
|
.J |
65 |
3 4 |
6 |
10 |
20-19 |
||||
|
59 |
3-4 |
8 |
10 |
20 |
|||||
|
61 |
3^ |
6 |
10 |
17 |
|||||
|
60 |
.3 4 |
6 |
9 |
18 |
|||||
|
? |
64 |
.3-4 |
6 |
8 |
20-21 |
||||
|
55 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
18 |
|||||
|
55 |
3 |
6 |
8 |
19-17 |
|||||
|
56 |
3 |
6 |
10 |
18-17 |
|||||
|
58 |
3 |
6 |
8 |
17 |
|||||
|
59 |
3-4 |
(i |
•J |
19-18 |
|||||
|
59 |
3-4 |
6 |
8 |
19-20 |
|||||
|
60 |
3-4 |
6 |
!J |
20-19 |
|||||
|
58 |
.3-4 |
6 |
!) |
19-17 |
|||||
|
»» |
56 |
3-4 |
6 |
10 |
17 |
TLEMSEN.
|
6 |
? 1 |
|
|
Total lonKth |
140 |
129 |
|
Head |
13 |
10 |
|
Width of head |
8 |
7 |
|
Depth of head |
6 |
5 |
|
From end of snout to fore limb . |
20 |
17 |
|
» .. „ „ vent .... |
51 |
46 |
|
! Fore limb |
18 |
15 |
|
Hind limb |
27 |
22 |
|
Tail |
89 |
83 |
Tamarnth Yallev.
C'. Psammodromus algirus Ij.
|
1. |
2. |
3. |
4. |
5. |
|
|
c? . . . . |
65 |
3-4 |
6 |
10 |
21 ' |
|
61 |
3-4 |
6 |
8 |
18 |
|
|
56 |
3 |
6 |
11 |
18-17 |
|
|
i» • |
60 |
.3-4 |
6 |
10 |
19-18 |
|
? . . . . |
57 |
3 |
6 |
9 |
19 |
|
)!.... |
55 |
3 |
6 |
11 |
18 |
Measurements of the largest specimens from the Tamarutli Valley, in millimetres : —
T. Acanthodactylus vulgaris P. & B. Tamarnth Valley.
The two specimens collected by Mr. Biggenbadi h.nve smooth or f;iiiitly kecletl scales, and the snbocnlar does not border the month.
( 77) 8. Eumeces algeriensis Peters.
Dellaiti Dirucliau.
9. Chalcides ocellatus Forsk. Tamarnth V'alley.
The single specimen belongs to the form named iiolijlepis, Blgr., auJ has 34 scales round the middle of the bod)'.
Tamai'uth Valley.
Tamarnth Vallev.
10. Chalcides mionecton Boettg.
11. Chamaeleon vulgaris Daud.
VI. Tropidonotus viperinus Latr. Tamarnth Valley. Sc. 21 ; V. lo'J ; C. 67.
13. Macroprotodon cucuUatus Geoffr. Tamarnth Valley. Two specimens : —
cJ. Sc. 23 ; V. 166 ; 0. 44. Upper surface of head and nape entirely black, the black extending as a complete collar across the throat ; belly and lower surface of tail with black spots.
?. Sc. 23 ; V. 181 ; C. 44. Head with dark browu markings, those ou the nape not extending across the throat; belly with black dots ; a black median streak along the lower surface of the tail.
14. Psammophis schokari Forsk. Tamarnth Valley.
?. 8c. IT ; V. 18.) ; (_'. ?. Uniform brown above ; lips and throat with blackish dots : bellv white, with scattered minute blackish dots.
BATllACHIANS.
1. Rana esculenta L.
Dellaiu Dirnchan.
Three specimens referable to the li. ridibiinda Tall., one without, the two others with a light vertebral stripe.
|
1. |
2. |
■6. |
4. |
3. |
|
|
<? . . . |
61 |
32 |
33 |
8 |
3i 3l |
|
? ■ . . |
77 |
36 |
37 |
11 |
|
|
,, . |
7 -J |
35 |
36 |
10 |
3 |
1, Length, in millimetres, from snout to vent ; 2, length of tibia ; 3, length of foot ; 4, length of inner toe ; •"), length of inner metatarsal tubercle.
( :«)
SOME UNDESCRIBED LEPIUOPTEllA.
|By Hon. WALTER KOTHSUHILD, Pu.U. PAPILIONIDAE.
;1. Papilio philoxenus melanurus Mibsp. uuv.
(?. Agreeing in the shape of the hindwing with the bmad-tciileJ Indian suinmer-form (if F. pliUoxciuot, namely P. ph. pliiloxeiiiis f. temp, damradd ; the white jiatch 11' — R- much reduced, and on the upperside shaded over with bhick scales like the half-moon li^ — R^ ; red spots R' — M- small, spots R' — M' being farther away from margin than in f. temp, dasarada ; tail without a trace of a red spot above and below.
Uah. Mt. Wuchi, and AVuteryaug, Hainan, May luoa \ 'i i S .
NYMPHALIDAE. 2. Charaxes uaudina.
(J. Cliai-(i.res nandina Rothschild & Jord., Nov. Zool. viii. p. 403. u. 7. t. 9. f. •> (1001) (Kikuyu Escarpment).'
We described this insect from two i S collected on the Kikuyu Escarpment by the late W. Doherty. Among the Lepidoptera collected by his assistants shortly before his death, and sent later on to Tring, there were two more S S. Some time ago we received a small collection of Lepidoptera from Nairobe, below the Kikuyu Escarpment, through the kind intermediary of Dr. E. A. Heath, containing a fine S and a ? of nandina. This ? is very close to that of C/iara.ves xiphares from the Cape Colony, rendering it probable that nandina and xiphares are geographical forms of the same species. So far no representative has been foimd in the inter- vening countries. There are eight white postdiscal dots on the u]iperside of the forewing, the sixth standing well separated from the white discal jjatch M' — M- ; the white spots outside the ape.x of the cell are smaller than in xiphares, the buff area of the hindwing is posteriorly reduced, being separated from the abdominal fold by a broad black interspace. The area is, whitish behind, and externally broadly shaded over with black between R- and M-. There are three small buff discal dots C — R- outside the median urea. The underside is more olivaceous tlian in xiphares ; the row of white postdiscal spots is more strongly angulate before R- the discal band of the hindwing is more white, and is broader in front of R-', while the discal luuules are less heavy.
3. Charaxes hansali baringana snbsp. uov.
6. Wings, upperside, basal areas deeper olive; discal band much narrower, the postdiscal spots situated in costal area conse(]uently farther away from the upper sjjots of the band than in h. hansali.
( '9 )
Oil the tuulerside the olive bars on the forewiug broader than in Abyssinian specimens, esjiecially those situated at the proximal side of the white